k-boris-website/dailystone/fixtures/minerals.json

[
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 26,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Quartz",
    "formula": "SiO 2",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 – lower in impure varieties (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Vitreous – waxy to dull when massive",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties",
    "color_description": "Colorless, pink, orange, white, green, yellow, blue, purple, dark brown, or black",
    "color_hex": "#f5f5f5",
    "description": "Quartzis a hardmineralcomposed of silica (silicon dioxide). Itsatomsare linked in a continuous framework of SiO4silicon–oxygentetrahedra, with each oxygen atom being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overallchemical formulaofSiO2. Therefore, quartz is classified structurally as aframework silicate mineraland compositionally as anoxide mineral. Quartz is the second most common mineral ormineral groupin Earth'slithosphere, comprising about 12% by mass.\n\nQuartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which arechiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.\n\nThere are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified asgemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making ofjewelryandhardstone carvings, especially inEuropeandAsia.",
    "history": "The wordquartzis derived from theGermanwordQuarz,which had the same form in the first half of the 14th century inMiddle High Germanand inEast Central Germanand which came from thePolish dialecttermkwardy, which corresponds to theCzechtermtvrdý('hard').Some sources, however, attribute the word's origin to theSaxonwordQuerkluftertz, meaning 'cross-vein ore'.\n\nTheAncient Greeksreferred to quartz asκρύσταλλος(krustallos) meaning 'crystal', derived from theAncient Greekκρύος(kruos) meaning 'icy cold', because somephilosophers(includingTheophrastus) believed the mineral to be a form of supercooledice.Today, the termrock crystalis sometimes used as an alternative name for transparent, coarsely crystalline quartz.: 205",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png/960px-Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg/960px-00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG/960px-Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg/960px-Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz",
    "day_of_year": 1
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 27,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Amethyst",
    "formula": "Silica (silicon dioxide, Si O 2 )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 (lower in impure varieties)",
    "luster": "Vitreous/glassy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.65 constant; variable in impure varieties",
    "color_description": "Purple, violet, dark purple",
    "color_hex": "#9b59b6",
    "description": "Amethystis avioletvariety ofquartz.Ancient Greekswore amethyst and carveddrinkingvessels from it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. Amethyst, asemipreciousstone, is often used injewelry. It occurs mostly in association withcalcite,quartz,smoky quartz,hematite,pyrite,fluorite,goethite,agate, andchalcedony.\n\nThe name comes from theKoine Greekαμέθυστοςamethystosfromα-a-, \"not\" andμεθύσκω(Ancient Greek)methysko/μεθώmetho(Modern Greek), \"intoxicate\", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner fromdrunkenness.\n\nAmethyst is a violet variety ofquartz(SiO2) and owes its violet color toirradiation, impurities ofiron(Fe3+) and in some cases othertransition metals, and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.The irradiation causes the iron(Fe+3)ions that replaceSiin the lattice to lose an electron and form a[FeO4]0color center.Amethyst is a three-dimensional network of tetrahedra where the silicon atoms are in the center and are surrounded by fouroxygenatoms located at the vertices of atetrahedron. This structure is quite rigid and results in quartz's hardness and resistance to weathering. Thehardnessof the mineral is the same as quartz, thus making it suitable for use in jewelry.",
    "history": "The name comes from theKoine Greekαμέθυστοςamethystosfromα-a-, \"not\" andμεθύσκω(Ancient Greek)methysko/μεθώmetho(Modern Greek), \"intoxicate\", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner fromdrunkenness.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Geode_Reference_-25.jpg/960px-Geode_Reference_-25.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Citrine_am%C3%A9thys%C3%A9e.jpg/960px-Citrine_am%C3%A9thys%C3%A9e.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Intaglio_Caracalla_Cdm_Paris_Chab2101.jpg/960px-Intaglio_Caracalla_Cdm_Paris_Chab2101.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Uninscribed_amethyst_scarab_at_the_center_of_a_string_of_amethyst_ball_beads._Middle_Kingdom._From_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/960px-Uninscribed_amethyst_scarab_at_the_center_of_a_string_of_amethyst_ball_beads._Middle_Kingdom._From_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst",
    "day_of_year": 2
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 28,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rose quartz",
    "formula": "Silica (silicon dioxide, Si O 2 )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.65",
    "color_description": "Light pink, rose",
    "color_hex": "#f4a7b9",
    "description": "Rose quartzis a pink, translucent variety ofquartzwith a massivehabit. Its color is due to microscopicinclusionsof a fibroussilicate mineralrelated todumortierite.Previously, the color was believed to be due to inclusions ofrutile.Rose quartz isdichroicand may displayasterismwhen cut into spheres orcabochons. It formed at very high temperatures of 400–700 °C (752–1,292 °F) in the quartz cores ofpegmatites. Rose quartz is commonly used inlapidaryfor carvings and as a semipreciousgemstone.\n\nRose quartz is alwaysanhedraland does not occur as well-formed crystals. However, there is a distinct variety of pink-colored quartz calledeuhedral rose quartzorpink quartzthat occurs as well-formed crystals. This variety derives its color from the presence ofaluminiumandphosphoruscolor centersin the crystal structure activated by natural irradiation. Unlike massive rose quartz, pink quartz is photosensitive and subject to fading. Pink quartz crystals are transparent and formed as late-stage hydrothermal deposits within pegmatite pockets.\n\nThis article about a specificsilicate mineralis astub. You can help Wikipedia byadding missing information.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rose_quartz_12.jpg/960px-Rose_quartz_12.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Quartz_rose_%C3%A9toil%C3%A9.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Quartz-236691.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_quartz",
    "day_of_year": 3
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 29,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Citrine (quartz)",
    "formula": "Silica (silicon dioxide, Si O 2 )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.65",
    "color_description": "Natural: pale yellow, with orange, green, or smoky hues Heat-treated amethyst: yellow-orange, orange-red, orange-brown",
    "color_hex": "#f0c420",
    "description": "Citrineis a transparent, yellow variety ofquartz. Its name is derived from the Latin wordcitrus(citron tree), by way of the Frenchcitrinorcitron(lemon).Citrine is one of the most popular yellowgemstonesand has been used sinceancient Egyptiantimes. There is disagreement as to which trace elements are responsible for its color. Not all yellow quartz is considered citrine, such as quartz stained by iron inclusions or coatings. Natural citrine is rare; most commercially available \"citrine\" is produced by heatingamethystorsmoky quartz.\n\nNatural citrine ranges in color from yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-green. The causes of its color are not well agreed upon.Evidence suggests the color of citrine is linked to the presence of aluminium-basedcolor centersin its crystal structure, similar tosmoky quartz.Citrine and smoky quartz occur in the same geological environments and can frequently be found together in the same crystal assmoky citrine. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the color of citrine may be due to trace amounts of iron;many sources claimiron oxidesas the source of citrine's color.However, synthetic crystals grown in iron-rich solutions have failed to replicate the color ordichroismof natural citrine. Theultravioletsensitivity of natural citrine further indicates that its color is not caused solely by trace elements.\n\nCitrine is very rare in nature; most \"citrine\" on the market is actually heat-treatedamethystand is therefore not true citrine according the strict mineralogical definition.Amethyst loses its natural violet color when heated to above 200–300 °C (392–572 °F).Natural citrine tends to be pale in color, while heat-treated amethyst is typically a deeper yellow, orange, red, or even brown;the latter is sometimes referred to asburnt amethyst.Unlike natural citrine, the color of heat-treated amethyst is known to come exclusively from trace amounts of iron oxides, specificallyhematiteandgoethite. This iron was present in the original amethyst and oxidized by the heating process. Heat-treated amethyst, like synthetic crystals, does not exhibit the dichroism of natural citrine. Smoky quartz can also be heat treated to resemble citrine; smoky quartz is naturally dichroic, and heat-treated smoky quartz retains its dichroism.",
    "history": "Quartz and its varieties have been used as gemstones for thousands of years. Citrine and other quartzes are believed to have been used by theancient Egyptiansto make talismans, by theancient Greeksfor carving symbols, and byRomanpriests as rings.Queen Victoriawas reportedly fond of the gemstone; manybroochesandpendantsfeaturing citrine survive from this era.In the centuries before modern mineralogy, citrine was frequently confused with topaz. It was common in many cultures to use the nametopazfor any golden yellow stone. The namecitrinewas first used in English in the 14th century.Citrine has been referred to as the \"merchant's stone\" or \"money stone\", due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity.\n\nToday, citrine is the top-selling yellow-orange gemstone,and it is commonly used in jewelry. It has become more popular over the last few decades due to aggressive marketing tactics and earth-tone fashion trends.Citrine is sometimes used as a modern, more affordable alternative to the traditional Novemberbirthstone, yellowtopaz.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg/960px-Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Quartz-60953.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Citrin_cut.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tumble-polished_citrine_2.jpg/960px-Tumble-polished_citrine_2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)",
    "day_of_year": 4
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 30,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Diamond",
    "formula": "C",
    "category": "Native minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "10 (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Adamantine",
    "streak": "Colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.52 ± 0.01",
    "color_description": "Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.",
    "color_hex": "#e8e8e8",
    "description": "Diamondis asolid form of the element carbonwith its atoms arranged in acrystal structurecalleddiamond cubic. Diamond is a tasteless, odorless, strong, brittle solid, a poor conductor of electricity, colorless in pure form, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known asgraphiteis thechemically stableform of carbon atroom temperature and pressure, but diamond ismetastableand converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highesthardnessandthermal conductivityof any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools.\n\nBecause the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions areboronandnitrogen). Small numbers ofdefectsor impurities—about one per million of lattice atoms—can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very highrefractive indexand a relatively highoptical dispersion.\n\nMost natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth'smantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface involcanic eruptionsand deposited inigneous rocksknown askimberlitesandlamproites.",
    "history": "The namediamondis derived fromAncient Greek:ἀδάμας(adámas), 'proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed', fromἀ-(a-), 'not' +Ancient Greek:δαμάω(damáō), 'to overpower, tame'.Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined inIndia, where significantalluvial depositsof the stone could be found many centuries ago along the riversPenner,Krishna, andGodavari. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000years but most likely 6,000years.\n\nDiamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use asreligious iconsinancient India. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to earlyhuman history.The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/HPHTdiamonds2.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg/960px-Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Rough_Diamond.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diamant_gisements.jpg/960px-Diamant_gisements.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond",
    "day_of_year": 5
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 31,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Ruby",
    "formula": "Aluminum oxide with chromium , Al 2 O 3 :Cr",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "9.0",
    "luster": "Subadamantine, vitreous, pearly (on partings)",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.97–4.05",
    "color_description": "Orangy red through strongly purplish red.",
    "color_hex": "#e0115f",
    "description": "Rubyis apinkish-red to blood-redgemstone, a variety of themineralcorundum(aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are calledsapphires, and rubies are also sometimes referred to as \"red sapphires\".\n\nRuby is one of the traditionalcardinal gems, alongsideamethyst,sapphire,emerald, anddiamond.The wordrubycomes fromruber,Latinfor red. The color of a ruby is due to the presence ofchromium.\n\nSome gemstones that are popularly or historically called rubies, such as theBlack Prince's Rubyin the BritishImperial State Crown, are actuallyspinels. These were once known as \"Balas rubies\".",
    "history": "Historically, rubies have been mined inThailand, in thePailinandSamlout DistrictofCambodia, as well as inAfghanistan,Australia,Brazil,Colombia,India,Namibia,Japan, and Scotland. After theSecond World War, ruby deposits were found inMadagascar,Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan,Tajikistan,Tanzania, andVietnam.It occurs in association withpargasite,zoisite,calcite,phlogopite,painite,sapphire,pyriteandfuchsite.\n\nThe Montepuez ruby mine in northeastern Mozambique is situated on one of the most significant ruby deposits in the world,although, rubies were only discovered here for the first time in 2009. In less than a decade, Mozambique has become the world's most productive source for gem-quality ruby.In 2025, its production capacity is expected to increase from 200 to 600 tons per hour.· Currently, Mozambique rubies are some of the most sought-after in the world, rivalling even the famous Burmese Rubies.In 2022, the mine reportedly produced approximately 10 million carats of rubies,making it one of the most prolific and consistent sources of high-quality rubies today.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Ruby_cristal.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rubis%2C_calcite_14.jpg/960px-Rubis%2C_calcite_14.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby",
    "day_of_year": 6
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 32,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sapphire",
    "formula": "Aluminium oxide , Al 2 O 3",
    "category": "Oxide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "9.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "Colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.98–4.06",
    "color_description": "Typically blue, but varies",
    "color_hex": "#0f52ba",
    "description": "Sapphireis a preciousgemstone, a variety of the mineralcorundum, consisting ofaluminium oxide(α-Al2O3) with trace amounts of elements such asiron,titanium,cobalt,lead,chromium,vanadium,magnesium,boron, andsilicon. The namesapphireis derived from the Latin wordsapphirus, itself from theGreekwordsappheiros(σάπφειρος, itself from a Semitic origin), which referred tolapis lazuli.Sapphire with colors other than its typical blue is referred to as \"fancy sapphire\", and can be in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; \"parti sapphires\" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are calledrubiesrather than sapphires.Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on the locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn injewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in largecrystal boules. It occurs in association withruby,zircon,biotite,muscovite,calcite,draviteandquartz.\n\nSapphire has a remarkablehardness, with a score of 9 on theMohs scale, the third-hardest mineral afterdiamondat 10 andmoissaniteat 9.5. Non-ornamental applications includeinfraredopticalcomponents, high-durabilitywindows,wristwatchcrystals and movement bearings, and very thinelectronic wafers, which are used as theinsulatingsubstratesof special-purposesolid-state electronicssuch as integrated circuits andGaN-based blueLEDs.\n\nSapphire is one of the two gem-varieties ofcorundum, the other beingruby(defined as corundum in a shade of red). Although blue is the best-known sapphire color, it occurs in other colors, including gray and black, and can also be colorless. A pinkish orange variety of sapphire is calledpadparadscha.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Logan_Sapphire_10956420_cropped.png/960px-Logan_Sapphire_10956420_cropped.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saphir_gisements.jpg/960px-Saphir_gisements.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Geschliffener_blauer_Saphir.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/The_Star_of_Lanka_%285784831032%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire",
    "day_of_year": 7
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 33,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Emerald",
    "formula": "Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6",
    "category": "Beryl variety",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal (6/m 2/m 2/m) Space group : P6/mсc",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5–8",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "Average 2.76",
    "color_description": "Bluish green to green",
    "color_hex": "#50c878",
    "description": "Emeraldis agemstoneand a variety of themineralberyl(Be3Al2(SiO3)6) coloredgreenby trace amounts ofchromiumor sometimesvanadium.Berylhas ahardnessof 7.5–8 on theMohs scale.Most emeralds have manyinclusions,so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is acyclosilicate. It occurs mainly in association withquartz,muscovite,albite,schorl,microcline,fluorite,smoky quartzandelbaite.\n\nThe word \"emerald\" is derived (viaOld French:esmeraudeandMiddle English:emeraude), fromVulgar Latin:esmaralda/esmaraldus, a variant ofLatinsmaragdus, which was viaAncient Greek:σμάραγδος(smáragdos; \"green gem\"). The Greek word may have a Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin.According toWebster's Dictionarythe term emerald was first used in the 14th century.\n\nEmeralds, like all coloredgemstones, are graded using four basic parameters known as \"the fourCs\":color,clarity,cutandcarat weight.  Normally, in grading colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant greenhueas described below, but also a high degree oftransparencyto be considered a top gemstone.",
    "history": "The word \"emerald\" is derived (viaOld French:esmeraudeandMiddle English:emeraude), fromVulgar Latin:esmaralda/esmaraldus, a variant ofLatinsmaragdus, which was viaAncient Greek:σμάραγδος(smáragdos; \"green gem\"). The Greek word may have a Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin.According toWebster's Dictionarythe term emerald was first used in the 14th century.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Patricia_Emerald_1.jpg/960px-Patricia_Emerald_1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C3%89meraude%2C_quartz_2.jpg/960px-%C3%89meraude%2C_quartz_2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Chalk_emerald_03.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald",
    "day_of_year": 8
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 34,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Topaz",
    "formula": "Al 2 SiO 4 (F, OH) 2",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "8 (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "Grayish White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.49–3.57",
    "color_description": "Colorless (if impurities are absent), white, blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, yellowish brown, green, pink, reddish pink, or even red",
    "color_hex": "#ffc87c",
    "description": "Topazis asilicate mineralmade ofaluminumandfluorinewith thechemical formulaAl2SiO4(F,OH)2. It is used as agemstonein jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden-brown to yellow-orange.Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue, reddish-orange, pale green, pink, or purple.\n\nTopaz is anesosilicatemineral, and more specifically, analuminosilicatemineral.It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals and has a relatively lowindex of refraction. It has the orthorhombiccrystal systemand a dipyramidialcrystal class.\n\nIt occurs in many places in the world. Two of the most popular places that topaz is sourced are Brazil and Russia.Topaz is often mined in open-pit or alluvial settings.",
    "history": "The word \"topaz\" is usually believed to be derived (viaOld French: Topace andLatin: Topazius) from theGreekΤοπάζιος(Topázios) orΤοπάζιον(Topázion),from Τοπαζος. This is the ancient name ofSt. John's Islandin theRed Seawhich was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to bechrysolite: yellowisholivine) was mined in ancient times. The nametopazwas first applied to the mineral now known by that name in 1737.Ancient Sri Lanka (Tamraparni) exported topazes to Greece and ancient Egypt, which led to the etymologically related names of the island byAlexander Polyhistor(Topazius) and the early Egyptians (Topapwene) – \"land of the Topaz\".Plinysaid thatTopazosis alegendaryisland in theRed Seaand the mineral \"topaz\" was first mined there. Alternatively, the wordtopazmay be related to the Sanskrit word तपस् \"tapas\", meaning \"heat\" or \"fire\".",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TopazMountainByPhilKonstantin.jpg/960px-TopazMountainByPhilKonstantin.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Topaz-200562.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Large_Topaz_Gemstones.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/YellowTopaz.jpeg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz",
    "day_of_year": 9
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 35,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Opal",
    "formula": "Hydrated silica . SiO 2 · n H 2 O",
    "category": "Mineraloid",
    "crystal_system": "Amorphous [ 2 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6 [ 2 ]",
    "luster": "Subvitreous to waxy [ 2 ]",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.15 +0.08 −0.90 [ 2 ]",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, yellow, red, orange, green, brown, black, blue, pink",
    "color_hex": "#a8c3bc",
    "description": "Opalis ahydratedamorphousform ofsilica(SiO2·nH2O); itswater contentmay range from 3% to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6% and 10%. Due to the amorphous (chemical) physical structure, it is classified as amineraloid, unlikecrystallineforms of silica, which are consideredminerals. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in thefissuresof almost any kind ofrock, being most commonly found withlimonite,sandstone,rhyolite,marl, andbasalt.\n\nThe nameopalis believed to be derived from theSanskritwordupala(उपल), which means 'jewel', and later the Greek derivativeopállios(ὀπάλλιος).\n\nThere are two broad classes of opal: precious and common. Precious opal displays play-of-color (iridescence); common opal does not.Play-of-color is defined as \"a pseudo chromatic optical effect resulting in flashes of colored light from certain minerals, as they are turned in white light.\"The internal structure of precious opal causes it todiffractlight, resulting in play-of-color. Depending on the conditions in which it formed, opal may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and the background color may be white, black, or nearly any color of the visual spectrum. Black opal is considered the rarest, while white, gray, and green opals are the most common.",
    "history": "Opal was rare and very valuable in antiquity. In Europe, it was a gem prized by royalty.Until the opening of vast deposits in Australia in the 19th century the only known source wasČervenicabeyond the Roman frontier inSlovakia.Opal is the nationalgemstoneof Australia.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Opal-53714.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Opale_gisements.jpg/960px-Opale_gisements.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Opal_molecular_structure2.jpg/960px-Opal_molecular_structure2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Coober_Pedy_Opal_2.jpg/960px-Coober_Pedy_Opal_2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal",
    "day_of_year": 10
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 36,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Garnet",
    "formula": "The general formula X 3 Y 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.5",
    "luster": "vitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.1–4.3",
    "color_description": "virtually all colors, blue is rare",
    "color_hex": "#733635",
    "description": "Garnets(/ˈɡɑːrnɪt/) are a group ofsilicate mineralsthat have been used since theBronze Ageasgemstonesandabrasives.\n\nGarnet minerals, while sharing similar physical and crystallographic properties, exhibit a wide range of chemical compositions, defining distinct species. These species fall into two primary solid solution series: the pyralspite series (pyrope,almandine,spessartine), with the general formula [Mg,Fe,Mn]3Al2(SiO4)3; and the ugrandite series (uvarovite,grossular,andradite), with the general formula Ca3[Cr,Al,Fe]2(SiO4)3. Notable varieties of grossular includehessoniteandtsavorite.\n\nAlthough garnets are often associated with metamorphism, they can also occur in volcanic rocks on rare occasions.",
    "history": "The word \"garnet\" comes from the 14th-centuryMiddle Englishwordgernet, meaning dark red. It is borrowed from Old FrenchgrenatefromLatingranatus,fromgranum(grain, seed).This is possibly a reference tomela granatumor evenpomum granatum('pomegranate',Punica granatum), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.Hessonite garnet is also namedgomedin Indian literature and is one of the nine jewels in Vedic astrology that comprise theNavaratna.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pyrope_cp.jpg/960px-Pyrope_cp.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg/960px-Pyrope_crystal_structure.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pyrope_si.jpg/960px-Pyrope_si.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Garnet_Andradite20.jpg/960px-Garnet_Andradite20.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet",
    "day_of_year": 12
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 37,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Peridot",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Silicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous to oily",
    "streak": "Colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.2–4.3",
    "color_description": "Yellow, to yellow-green , olive-green , to brownish, sometimes a lime green , to emerald hue",
    "color_hex": "#b4c424",
    "description": "Peridot(/ˈpɛrɪˌdɒt/PERR-ih-dot), sometimes calledchrysolite, is ayellow-greentransparent variety ofolivine. Peridot is one of the fewgemstonesthat occur in only one color.\n\nPeridot can be found inmaficandultramafic rocksoccurring inlavaandperidotitexenolithsof themantle. The gem occurs in silica-deficient rocks such as volcanicbasaltandpallasiticmeteorites. Along withdiamonds, peridot is one of only two gems observed to be formed not inEarth's crust, but in the molten rock of the upper mantle.Gem-quality peridot is rare on Earth's surface due to its susceptibility to alteration during its movement from deep within the mantle and weathering at the surface.Peridot has achemical formulaof(Mg,Fe)2SiO4.\n\nPeridot is one of thebirthstonesfor the month of August.",
    "history": "The origin of the nameperidotis uncertain. TheOxford English Dictionarysuggests an alteration ofAnglo–Normanpedoretés(classicalLatinpæderot-), a kind ofopal, rather than theArabicwordfaridat, meaning \"gemstone\".\n\nTheMiddle English Dictionary's entry onperidotincludes several variations:peridod,peritot,pelidodandpilidod— other variants substituteyfor letteriused here.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Peridot_olivine_on_basalt.JPG/960px-Peridot_olivine_on_basalt.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Peridot-USGS.gif",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Gemperidot.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peridotgem.JPG/960px-Peridotgem.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot",
    "day_of_year": 13
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 38,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tanzanite",
    "formula": "[Ca 2 Al 3 (SiO 4 )(Si 2 O 7 )O(OH)] + (Cr,Sr)",
    "category": "Sorosilicate : zoisite variety",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic [ 1 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "White or colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.10–3.38",
    "color_description": "Royal blue, indigo, violet/purple",
    "color_hex": "#4d5ba8",
    "description": "Tanzaniteis the blue and violet variety of the mineralzoisite(a calcium aluminiumhydroxylsorosilicate). The color is caused by small amounts ofvanadium.Tanzanite belongs to theepidotemineral group. Tanzanite is only found inSimanjiro DistrictofManyara RegioninTanzania, in a very small mining area approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 2 km (1.2 mi) widenear the Mererani Hills.\n\nTanzanite is noted for its remarkably strongtrichroism, appearing alternately blue, violet and burgundy depending oncrystalorientation.Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under different lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected tofluorescent lightand the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed underincandescentillumination. In its rough state tanzanite is coloured a reddish brown to clear, and it requires heat treatment to remove the brownish \"veil\" and bring out the blue violet of the stone.\n\nThe gemstone was given the name \"tanzanite\" byTiffany & Co.after Tanzania, the country in which it was discovered. The scientific name of \"blue-violet zoisite\" was not thought to be sufficiently consumer friendly by Tiffany's marketing department, who introduced it to the market in 1968. In 2002, theAmerican Gem Trade Associationchose tanzanite as a Decemberbirthstone, the first change to their birthstone list since 1912.",
    "history": "There are many accounts of the discovery of tanzanite, but only one recognised by the government of Tanzania. In January 1967,Jumanne Mhero Ngoma(originally fromSame District, Kilimanjaro) stumbled upon the sparkling blue stones at the Mererani hills in theKiteto Districtof the formerArusha Region(nowManyara Region). He was issued with a certificate of recognition three years later by then-PresidentJulius Nyerereand a financial reward ofTsh50,000 for his efforts. In 1984, he was issued with a certificate for scientific discovery by theTanzania Commission for Science and Technology.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zo%C3%AFsite_%28Tanzanite%29.jpg/960px-Zo%C3%AFsite_%28Tanzanite%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Craft_work_on_tanzanite.jpg/960px-Craft_work_on_tanzanite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trichroic_Tanzanite_Crystal_-_violet_%26_burgundy.jpg/960px-Trichroic_Tanzanite_Crystal_-_violet_%26_burgundy.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trichroic_Tanzanite_Gem_-_blue%2C_violet_%26_purple.jpg/500px-Trichroic_Tanzanite_Gem_-_blue%2C_violet_%26_purple.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite",
    "day_of_year": 15
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 39,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Malachite",
    "formula": "Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Adamantine to vitreous; silky if fibrous; dull to earthy if massive",
    "streak": "light green",
    "specific_gravity": "3.6–4",
    "color_description": "Bright green, dark green, blackish green, with crystals deeper shades of green, even very dark to nearly black commonly banded in masses; green to yellowish green in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#0bda51",
    "description": "Malachite(/ˈmæl.əˌkaɪt/) is acoppercarbonatehydroxidemineral, with theformulaCu2CO3(OH)2. This opaque, green-banded mineral crystallizes in themonoclinic crystal system, and most often formsbotryoidal, fibrous, orstalagmiticmasses, in fractures and deep, underground spaces, where the water table and hydrothermal fluids provide the means for chemical precipitation. Individual crystals are rare, but occur as slender toacicularprisms.Pseudomorphsafter more tabular or blockyazuritecrystals also occur.\n\nThe stone's name derives (viaLatin:molochītis,Middle French:melochite, andMiddle Englishmelochites) fromGreekΜολοχίτης λίθοςmolochites lithos, \"mallow-green stone\", from μολόχηmolochē, variant of μαλάχηmalāchē, \"mallow\".The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of themallow plant.Copper (Cu2+) gives malachite its green color.\n\nMalachite was mined from deposits near the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai as early as 4000 BCE.",
    "history": "The stone's name derives (viaLatin:molochītis,Middle French:melochite, andMiddle Englishmelochites) fromGreekΜολοχίτης λίθοςmolochites lithos, \"mallow-green stone\", from μολόχηmolochē, variant of μαλάχηmalāchē, \"mallow\".The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of themallow plant.Copper (Cu2+) gives malachite its green color.\n\nMalachite was mined from deposits near the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai as early as 4000 BCE.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Malachite_001.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Malachite_100.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Malachite_010.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malachite-unit-cell-3D-bs-17.png/960px-Malachite-unit-cell-3D-bs-17.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite",
    "day_of_year": 16
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 40,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Lapis lazuli",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#26619c",
    "description": "Lapis lazuli(UK:/ˌlæpɪsˈlæz(j)ʊli,ˈlæʒʊ-,-ˌli/;US:/ˈlæz(j)əli,ˈlæʒə-,-ˌliˌlæˈzuːli/) is a deep-bluemetamorphic rockused as asemi-precious stonethat has been prized sinceantiquityfor its intense color. Its name originates from the Persian word for the gem,lāžward,and serves as the root for the word for \"blue\" in several languages, including Spanish and Portugueseazuland Englishazure. Lapis lazuli is a rock composed primarily of the mineralslazurite,pyrite,diopside, andcalcite. As early as the7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in theSar-i Sangmines,inShortugai, and in other mines inBadakhshanprovince in modern northeastAfghanistan.Lapis lazuli artifacts, dated to 7570 BC, have been found atBhirrana, which is the oldest site ofIndus Valley Civilisation.Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1900 BC).Lapis beads have been found atNeolithicburials inMehrgarh, theCaucasus, and as far away asMauritania.It was used in thefuneral mask of Tutankhamun(1341–1323 BC).\n\nBy the end of theMiddle Ages, Europe began importing lapis lazuli to grind it into powder and makeultramarinepigment. Ultramarine was used by some of the most important artists of theRenaissanceandBaroque, includingMasaccio,Perugino,TitianandVermeer; it was often reserved for the clothing of the central figures of their paintings, especially theVirgin Mary. Ultramarine has also been found indental tartarofmedievalnunsandscribes, perhaps as a result of licking their painting brushes while producing medieval texts andmanuscripts.\n\nExcavations fromTepe Gawrashow that lapis lazuli was introduced toMesopotamiaapproximately in the lateUbaid period, c. 4900–4000 BCE.A traditional understanding was that the Lapis lazuli was mined some 1,500 miles to the east – inBadakhshan. Indeed, thePersianلاژوردlāžavard/lāževard, also writtenلاجوردlājevard, is commonly interpreted as having an origin in a local place name.",
    "history": "Excavations fromTepe Gawrashow that lapis lazuli was introduced toMesopotamiaapproximately in the lateUbaid period, c. 4900–4000 BCE.A traditional understanding was that the Lapis lazuli was mined some 1,500 miles to the east – inBadakhshan. Indeed, thePersianلاژوردlāžavard/lāževard, also writtenلاجوردlājevard, is commonly interpreted as having an origin in a local place name.\n\nFrom the Persian, theArabicلازوردlāzawardis the etymological source of both the English wordazure(via Old Frenchazur) andMedieval Latinlazulum, which came to mean 'heaven' or 'sky'. To disambiguate,lapis lazulī(\"stone oflazulum\") was used to refer to the stone itself, and is the term ultimately imported intoMiddle English.Lazulumis used as a root for the word for blue in several languages, including Spanish and Portugueseazul.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lazurite.jpg/960px-Lazurite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/19th_Century_lapis_lazuli_and_diamond_pendant.jpg/960px-19th_Century_lapis_lazuli_and_diamond_pendant.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazuli",
    "day_of_year": 17
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 41,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Jade",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "Minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "waxy",
    "streak": "colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "2.9–3.38",
    "color_description": "Virtually all colors, mostly green",
    "color_hex": "#00a86b",
    "description": "Jadeis an umbrella term for two different types of decorative rocks used forjewelryorornaments. Jade is often referred to by either of two differentsilicate mineralnames:nephrite(a silicate ofcalciumandmagnesiumin theamphibolegroup of minerals), orjadeite(a silicate ofsodiumandaluminumin thepyroxenegroup of minerals).Nephrite is typically green, although may be yellow, white or black. Jadeite varies from white or near-colorless, through various shades of green (including an emerald green, termed 'imperial'), tolavender, yellow, orange, brown and black. Rarely it may be blue.\nBoth of these names refer to their use as gemstones, and each has a mineralogically more specific name. Both the amphibole jade (nephrite) and pyroxene jade are mineral aggregates (rocks) rather than mineral species.\n\nNephrite was deprecated by theInternational Mineralogical Associationas a mineral species name in 1978 (replaced bytremolite).The name \"nephrite\" is mineralogically correct for referring to the rock. Jadeite is a legitimate mineral species, differing from the pyroxene jade rock. In China, the name jadeite has been replaced withfei cui, the traditional Chinese name for this gem that was in use long before Damour created the name in 1863.\n\nJade is well known for its ornamental use inEast Asian,South Asian, andSoutheast Asian art. It is commonly used inLatin America, such asMexicoandGuatemala. The use of jade inMesoamericafor symbolic and ideological ritual was influenced by its rarity and value amongpre-ColumbianMesoamerican cultures, such as theOlmecs, theMaya, andother ancient civilizations of the Valley of Mexico.",
    "history": "The English wordjadeis derived (via Frenchl'ejadeand Latinilia'flanks, kidney area')from the Spanish termpiedra de ijada(first recorded in 1565) or 'flank stone', from its reputed efficacy in curing ailments of theloinsandkidneys.Nephriteis derived fromlapis nephriticus, a Latin translation of the Spanishpiedra de ijada.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WLA_vanda_Head_and_Partial_Torso_of_a_Horse_jade_Han.jpg/960px-WLA_vanda_Head_and_Partial_Torso_of_a_Horse_jade_Han.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Chinese_jadeite_buttons.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jades_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/960px-Jades_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade",
    "day_of_year": 18
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 42,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Obsidian",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "Volcanic glass",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6 [ 2 ]",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "c. 2.4 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "usually black; sometimes green or brown; rarely yellow, orange, red or blue [ 1 ]",
    "color_hex": "#3d3635",
    "description": "Obsidian(/əbˈsɪdi.ən,ɒb-/əb-SID-ee-ən ob-)is a naturally occurringvolcanic glassformed whenlavaextrudedfrom avolcanocools rapidly with minimalcrystal growth. It is anigneous rock.Produced fromfelsiclava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such assilicon,oxygen,aluminium,sodium, andpotassium. It is commonly found within the margins ofrhyoliticlava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content ofsilica, giving them a highviscosity. The high viscosity inhibits thediffusion of atomsthrough the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineralcrystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.\n\nObsidian is hard,brittle, andamorphous; it thereforefractureswith sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgicalscalpelblades.\n\nTheNatural Historyby the Roman writerPliny the Elderincludes a few sentences about a volcanic glass called obsidian (lapis obsidianus), discovered in Ethiopia by Obsidius, a Roman explorer.",
    "history": "Obsidian is found near volcanoes in locations which have undergone rhyolitic eruptions. It can be found in Argentina,Armenia,Azerbaijan, Australia,Canada, Chile,Georgia,Ecuador,El Salvador, Greece,Guatemala,Hungary, Iceland,Indonesia, Italy, Japan,Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand,Papua New Guinea, Peru,Russia, Scotland, theCanary Islands,Turkeyand the United States. Obsidian flows which are so large that they can behikedon are found within thecalderasofNewberry Volcano(Big Obsidian Flow,700 acres) andMedicine Lake Volcanoin theCascade Rangeof western North America, and atInyo Craterseast of the Sierra Nevada in California.Yellowstone National Parkhas a mountainside containing obsidian located betweenMammoth Hot Springsand theNorris Geyser Basin, and deposits can be found in many other western U.S. states includingArizona,Colorado,New Mexico,Texas,Utah, andWashington,OregonandIdaho.\n\nThere are four major deposit areas in the central Mediterranean:Lipari,Pantelleria,PalmarolaandMonte Arci(Sardinia).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obsidian_Dome_%28GeoDIL_number_-_560%29.jpg/960px-Obsidian_Dome_%28GeoDIL_number_-_560%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/960px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian",
    "day_of_year": 19
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 43,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pyrite",
    "formula": "FeS 2",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–6.5",
    "luster": "Metallic, glistening",
    "streak": "Greenish-black to brownish-black",
    "specific_gravity": "4.95–5.10",
    "color_description": "Pale brass-yellow reflective; tarnishes darker and iridescent",
    "color_hex": "#c5a647",
    "description": "Themineralpyrite(/ˈpaɪraɪt/PY-ryte),oriron pyrite, also known asFool's Gold, is aniron sulfidewith thechemical formulaFeS2(iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundantsulfide mineral.\n\nPyrite's metalliclusterand pale brass-yellowhuegive it a superficial resemblance togold, hence the well-known nickname offool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknamesbrass,brazzle, andbrazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found incoal.\n\nThe namepyriteis derived from theGreekπυρίτης λίθος(pyritēs lithos), 'stone or mineral which strikes fire',in turn fromπῦρ(pŷr), 'fire'.In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck againststeel;Pliny the Elderdescribed one of them as being brassy, almost certainly a reference to what is now called pyrite.",
    "history": "Pyrite is the most common of sulfide minerals and is widespread in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks, where it also occasionally occurs as larger masses arising from animmisciblesulfide phase in the original magma. It is found in metamorphic rocks as a product ofcontact metamorphism. It also forms as a high-temperaturehydrothermal mineral, though it occasionally forms at lower temperatures.\n\nPyrite occurs both as a primary mineral, present in the original sediments, and as a secondary mineral, deposited duringdiagenesis.Pyrite andmarcasitecommonly occur as replacementpseudomorphsafterfossilsinblack shaleand othersedimentary rocksformed underreducingenvironmental conditions.Pyrite is common as an accessory mineral in shale, where it is formed by precipitation from anoxic seawater, and coal beds often contain significant pyrite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bullypyrite2.jpg/960px-Bullypyrite2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pyrite_from_Ampliaci%C3%B3n_a_Victoria_Mine%2C_Navaj%C3%BAn%2C_La_Rioja%2C_Spain_2.jpg/960px-Pyrite_from_Ampliaci%C3%B3n_a_Victoria_Mine%2C_Navaj%C3%BAn%2C_La_Rioja%2C_Spain_2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Pyrite-Tetrahedrite-Quartz-184642.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pyrite-200582.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite",
    "day_of_year": 20
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 44,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hematite",
    "formula": "iron(III) oxide , Fe 2 O 3 , α-Fe 2 O 3 [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6.5",
    "luster": "Metallic to splendent",
    "streak": "Bright red to dark red",
    "specific_gravity": "5.26",
    "color_description": "Metallic grey, dull to bright \"rust-red\" in earthy, compact, fine-grained material, steel-grey to black in crystals and massively crystalline ores",
    "color_hex": "#5c5858",
    "description": "Hematite(/ˈhiːməˌtaɪt,ˈhɛmə-/),also spelled ashaematite, is a commoniron oxidecompound with the formulaFe2O3and is widely found inrocksandsoils.Hematite crystals belong to therhombohedral lattice systemwhich is designated thealpha polymorphofFe2O3. It has the samecrystal structureascorundum(Al2O3) andilmenite(FeTiO3). With this crystal structure geometry it forms a completesolid solutionat temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).\n\nHematite occurs naturally in black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish-brown, or red colors. It isminedas an importantore mineral of iron. It is electrically conductive.Hematite varieties includekidney ore,martite(pseudomorphsaftermagnetite),iron roseandspecularite(specularhematite). While these forms vary, they all have a rust-redstreak. Hematite is not onlyharderthan pure iron, but also much morebrittle. The termkidney oremay be broadly used to describebotryoidal, mammillary, or reniformhematite.Maghemiteis a polymorph of hematite (γ-Fe2O3) with the same chemical formula, but with aspinel structurelike magnetite.\n\nLarge deposits of hematite are found inbanded iron formations. Gray hematite is typically found in places that have still, standing water, or mineralhot springs, such as those inYellowstone National ParkinNorth America. The mineral mayprecipitatein the water and collect in layers at the bottom of the lake, spring, or other standing water. Hematite can also occur in the absence of water, usually as the result ofvolcanicactivity.",
    "history": "The name hematite is derived from theGreekword for blood,αἷμα(haima), due to the red coloration found in some varieties of hematite.The color of hematite is often used as apigment. The English name of the stone is derived fromMiddle Frenchhématite pierre, which was taken fromLatinlapis haematitesc.the 15th century, which originated fromAncient Greekαἱματίτης λίθος(haimatitēs lithos, \"blood-red stone\").\n\nOchreis a clay that is colored by varying amounts of hematite, varying between 20% and 70%.Red ochre contains unhydrated hematite, whereas yellow ochre containshydratedhematite (Fe2O3·H2O). The principal use of ochre is for tinting with a permanent color.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Hematite-LTH43A.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Quartz-Hematite-113680.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cylinder_seal_antelope_Louvre_AM1639.jpg/960px-Cylinder_seal_antelope_Louvre_AM1639.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Hematite-254990.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite",
    "day_of_year": 21
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 45,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Magnetite",
    "formula": "iron(II,III) oxide, Fe 2+ Fe 3+ 2 O 4",
    "category": "Oxide minerals Spinel group Spinel structural group",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Black",
    "specific_gravity": "5.17–5.18",
    "color_description": "Black, gray with brownish tint in reflected sun",
    "color_hex": "#353535",
    "description": "Magnetiteis amineraland one of the mainiron ores, with the chemical formulaFe2+Fe3+2O4. It is one of theoxides of iron, and isferrimagnetic;it is attracted to amagnetand can bemagnetizedto become a permanent magnet itself.With the exception of extremely rarenative irondeposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth.Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, calledlodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.\n\nMagnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has aMohs hardnessof 5–6 and leaves a blackstreak.Small grains of magnetite are very common inigneousandmetamorphic rocks.\n\nThe chemicalIUPACname isiron(II,III) oxideand the common chemical name isferrous-ferric oxide.",
    "history": "Biomagnetismis usually related to the presence of biogenic crystals of magnetite, which occur widely in organisms.These organisms range frommagnetotactic bacteria(e.g.,Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) to animals, including humans, where magnetite crystals (and other magnetically sensitive compounds) are found in different organs, depending on the species.Biomagnetites account for the effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems.There is also a chemical basis for cellular sensitivity to electric and magnetic fields (galvanotaxis).\n\nPure magnetite particles arebiomineralizedinmagnetosomes, which are produced by several species ofmagnetotactic bacteria. Magnetosomes consist of long chains of oriented magnetite particles that are used by bacteria for navigation. After the death of these bacteria, the magnetite particles in magnetosomes may be preserved in sediments asmagnetofossils. Some types ofanaerobic bacteriathat are not magnetotactic can also create magnetite in oxygen free sediments by reducing amorphic ferric oxide to magnetite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Magnetite-278427.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Magnetite-170591.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Magnetite-rw16b.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite",
    "day_of_year": 22
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 46,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Calcite",
    "formula": "CaCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3 (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.71",
    "color_description": "Typically colorless or creamy white - may have shades of brownish colors",
    "color_hex": "#f5deb3",
    "description": "Calciteis acarbonate mineraland the most stablepolymorphofcalcium carbonate(CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component oflimestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on theMohs scale of mineral hardness, based onscratchhardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.\n\nOther polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the mineralsaragoniteandvaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C,and vaterite is even less stable.\n\nCalcite is derived from the GermanCalcit, a term from the 19th century that came from the Latin word forlime,calx(genitivecalcis) with the suffix-iteused to name minerals. It is thus adoubletof the wordchalk.",
    "history": "Calcite is derived from the GermanCalcit, a term from the 19th century that came from the Latin word forlime,calx(genitivecalcis) with the suffix-iteused to name minerals. It is thus adoubletof the wordchalk.\n\nWhen applied byarchaeologistsand stone trade professionals, the termalabasteris used not just as in geology and mineralogy, where it is reserved for a variety ofgypsum; but also for a similar-looking,translucentvariety of fine-grained banded deposit of calcite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg/960px-Estonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_Specimen_No_182279_photo_%28g28_g28-218_1_jpg%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg/960px-Calcite_jaune_sur_fluorine_violette_%28USA%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG/960px-Calcite%2C_gal%C3%A8ne_et_pyrite_%28Dal%27negorsk_-_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie%29.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG/960px-Calcite_et_fluorine_%28USA%29.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite",
    "day_of_year": 23
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 47,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Fluorite",
    "formula": "CaF 2",
    "category": "Halide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "4 (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.175–3.184; to 3.56 if high in rare-earth elements",
    "color_description": "Colorless, although samples are often deeply colored owing to impurities; Purple, lilac, golden-yellow, green, blue, pink, champagne, brown.",
    "color_hex": "#7b68ee",
    "description": "Fluorite(also calledfluorspar) is the mineral form ofcalcium fluoride, CaF2. It belongs to thehalide minerals. It crystallizes inisometriccubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.\n\nTheMohs scale of mineral hardness, based onscratchhardness comparison, defines value 4 as fluorite.\n\nPure fluorite is colourless and transparent, both in visible and ultraviolet light, but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental andlapidaryuses. Industrially, fluorite is used as afluxfor smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels. The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride forhydrofluoric acidmanufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containingfine chemicals. Optically clear transparent fluorite has anomalous partialdispersion, that is, its refractive index varies with the wavelength of light in a manner that differs from that of commonly used glasses, so fluorite is useful in makingapochromatic lenses, and particularly valuable in photographic optics. Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared ranges, where conventional glasses are too opaque for use. Fluorite also has low dispersion, and a high refractive index for its density.",
    "history": "The wordfluoriteis derived from theLatinverbfluere, meaningto flow. The mineral is used as afluxin ironsmeltingto decrease theviscosityofslag. The termfluxcomes from the Latin adjectivefluxus, meaningflowing, loose, slack. The mineral fluorite, originally termedfluorspar, was first printed in a 1530 workBermannvs sive de re metallica dialogus[Bermannus; or dialogue about the nature of metals], byGeorgius Agricola, as a mineral noted for its usefulness as a flux.Agricola, a German scientist with expertise inphilology,mining, and metallurgy, named fluorspar as aNeo-Latinizationof theGermanFlussspatfromFluss(short forFlussmittelsmeltingflux) andSpat(meaning anonmetallicmineral akin togypsum, spærstān,spear stone, referring to its crystalline projections).\n\nIn 1852, fluorite gave its name to the phenomenon offluorescence, which is prominent in fluorites from certain locations, due to certain impurities in the mineral. Fluorite also gave the name to its constitutive elementfluorine.Currently, the word \"fluorspar\" is most commonly used for fluorite as an industrial and chemical commodity, while \"fluorite\" is used mineralogically and in most other senses.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Fluorite-Galena-flu70a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Fluorite-132158.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Fluorite-cflo06x.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Fluorite-189396.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite",
    "day_of_year": 24
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 48,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Apatite",
    "formula": "Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH)",
    "category": "Phosphate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 [ 3 ] (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Vitreous [ 3 ] to subresinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.16–3.22 [ 2 ]",
    "color_description": "Transparent to translucent, usually green, less often colorless, yellow, blue to violet, pink, brown. [ 3 ]",
    "color_hex": "#509987",
    "description": "Apatiteis a group ofphosphate minerals, usuallyhydroxyapatite,fluorapatiteand chlorapatite, with high concentrations ofOH−,F−andCl−ion, respectively, in thecrystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most commonendmembersis written asCa10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl)2, and the crystal unit cell formulae of the individualmineralsare written as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, Ca10(PO4)6F2and Ca10(PO4)6Cl2.\n\nThe mineral was named apatite by the GermangeologistAbraham Gottlob Wernerin 1786,although the specific mineral he had described was reclassified as fluorapatite in 1860 by the GermanmineralogistKarl Friedrich August Rammelsberg. Apatite is often mistaken for other minerals. This tendency is reflected in the mineral's name, which is derived from the Greek word ἀπατάω (apatáō), which meansto deceive.\n\nAs hydroxyapatite, it forms a major part of theteethandbonesof vertebrate animals.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Apatite_on_Siderite_%2813156440584%29.jpg/960px-Apatite_on_Siderite_%2813156440584%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Apatite_taill%C3%A9e.jpg/960px-Apatite_taill%C3%A9e.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg/960px-Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg/960px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite",
    "day_of_year": 25
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 49,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Beryl",
    "formula": "Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5–8.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.63–2.92",
    "color_description": "Green, blue, yellow, colorless, pink, and others",
    "color_hex": "#c1f0c1",
    "description": "Beryl(/ˈbɛrəl/BERR-əl) is amineralcomposed ofberylliumaluminiumsilicatewith thechemical formulaBe3Al2(SiO3)6.Well-known varieties of beryl includeemeraldandaquamarine. Naturally occurringhexagonalcrystalsof beryl can be up to several meters in size, butterminated crystalsare relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source ofberyllium.\n\nThe wordberyl–Middle English:beril– is borrowed, viaOld French:berylandLatin:beryllus, fromAncient Greekβήρυλλοςbḗryllos, which referred to various blue-green stones,fromPrakritveruḷiya,veḷuriya'beryl'[a]which is ultimately ofDravidianorigin, maybe from the name ofBelurorVelur, a town inKarnataka, southernIndia.The term was later adopted for the mineral beryl more exclusively.\n\nWhen the firsteyeglasseswere constructed in 13th-century Italy, the lenses were made of beryl (or ofrock crystal) as glass could not be made clear enough. Consequently, glasses were namedBrillein German(brilin Dutch andbrillerin Danish).",
    "history": "The wordberyl–Middle English:beril– is borrowed, viaOld French:berylandLatin:beryllus, fromAncient Greekβήρυλλοςbḗryllos, which referred to various blue-green stones,fromPrakritveruḷiya,veḷuriya'beryl'[a]which is ultimately ofDravidianorigin, maybe from the name ofBelurorVelur, a town inKarnataka, southernIndia.The term was later adopted for the mineral beryl more exclusively.\n\nWhen the firsteyeglasseswere constructed in 13th-century Italy, the lenses were made of beryl (or ofrock crystal) as glass could not be made clear enough. Consequently, glasses were namedBrillein German(brilin Dutch andbrillerin Danish).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Beryl09.jpg/960px-Beryl09.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9ryl.jpg/960px-B%C3%A9ryl.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Beryl_Crystal_Structure.png/960px-Beryl_Crystal_Structure.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Beryl-209736.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl",
    "day_of_year": 26
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 50,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Spinel",
    "formula": "MgAl 2 O 4",
    "category": "Oxide minerals Spinel group Spinel structural group",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5–8.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "(Depending on the composition) The rare Zn-rich spinel can be as high as 4.40, otherwise it averages",
    "color_description": "Various: red, pink, blue, lavender / violet, dark green, brown, black, clear",
    "color_hex": "#ff4040",
    "description": "Spinel(/spɪˈnɛl,ˈspɪnəl/) is themagnesium/aluminiummember of the largerspinel groupof minerals. It has the formulaMgAl2O4in thecubic crystal system. Its name comes from the Latin wordspinella, a diminutive form ofspine,in reference to its pointed crystals.\n\nSpinel crystallizes in the isometric system; common crystal forms areoctahedra, usuallytwinned. It has no truecleavage, but shows an octahedralpartingand aconchoidal fracture.Itshardnessis 8, itsspecific gravityis 3.5–4.1, and it is transparent to opaque with a vitreous to dullluster. It may be colorless, but usually has various shades of red,lavender, blue, green, brown, black, or yellow.Chromium(III) causes the red color in spinel from Burma.\n\nSome spinels are among the most famous gemstones; these include theBlack Prince's Rubyand theTimur Rubyin the BritishCrown Jewels,and the \"Côte de Bretagne\", formerly from the French Crown jewels.TheSamarian Spinel, the largest known spinel in the world, weighs 500 carats (100 g).",
    "history": "Some spinels are among the most famous gemstones; these include theBlack Prince's Rubyand theTimur Rubyin the BritishCrown Jewels,and the \"Côte de Bretagne\", formerly from the French Crown jewels.TheSamarian Spinel, the largest known spinel in the world, weighs 500 carats (100 g).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Calcite-Spinel-dtn37a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MgAl2O4.png/960px-MgAl2O4.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Spinelgem.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel",
    "day_of_year": 27
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 51,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Zircon",
    "formula": "zirconium silicate (ZrSiO 4 )",
    "category": "Nesosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to adamantine; greasy when metamict .",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.6–4.7",
    "color_description": "Reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin section, colorless to pale brown",
    "color_hex": "#c4b19e",
    "description": "Zircon(/ˈzɜːrkɒn,-kən/)is amineralbelonging to the group ofnesosilicatesand is a source of the metalzirconium. Its chemical name iszirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula isZrSiO4. Anempirical formulashowing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr1–y,REEy)(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x–y. Zircon precipitates fromsilicatemeltsand has relatively high concentrations ofhigh field strength incompatible elements. For example,hafniumis almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%. Thecrystal structureof zircon istetragonalcrystal system. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green.\n\nThe name derives from thePersianzargun, meaning \"gold-hued\".This word is changed into \"jargoon\", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word \"zircon\" is derived fromZirkon, which is the German adaptation of this word.Yellow, orange, and red zircon is also known as \"hyacinth\",from the flowerhyacinthus, whose name is ofAncient Greekorigin.\n\nZircon is common in thecrustof Earth. It occurs as a commonaccessory mineralinigneous rocks(as primary crystallization products), inmetamorphic rocksand as detrital grains insedimentary rocks.Large zircon crystals are rare. Their average size ingraniterocks is about 0.1–0.3 mm (0.0039–0.0118 in), but they can also grow to sizes of several cm, especially inmaficpegmatitesandcarbonatites.Zircon is fairly hard (with a Mohs hardness of 7.5) and chemically stable, and so is highly resistant to weathering. It also is resistant to heat, so that detrital zircon grains are sometimes preserved in igneous rocks formed from melted sediments.Its resistance to weathering, together with its relatively high specific gravity (4.68), make it an important component of the heavy mineral fraction of sandstones.",
    "history": "Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of all kinds of igneous rocks, but particularlygraniteandfelsicigneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands.Zircon can occasionally be found as a trace mineral inultrapotassic igneous rockssuch askimberlites, carbonatites, and lamprophyre, owing to the unusual magma genesis of these rocks.\n\nZircon forms economic concentrations withinheavy mineral sands ore deposits, within certainpegmatites, and within some rare alkaline volcanic rocks (for example the Toongi Trachyte inDubbo, Australia)in association with the zirconium-hafnium mineralseudialyteand armstrongite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Zircon.GIF",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zirconcrystal-model.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zirkon_372.jpg/960px-Zirkon_372.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zircon-tuc1001a.jpg/960px-Zircon-tuc1001a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircon",
    "day_of_year": 28
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 52,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Alexandrite",
    "formula": "BeAl 2 O 4",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "8.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.5–3.84",
    "color_description": "Various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#568c4c",
    "description": "The mineral orgemstonechrysoberylis analuminateofberylliumwith the formulaBeAl2O4.The name chrysoberyl is derived from theGreekwords χρυσόςchrysosand βήρυλλοςberyllos, meaning \"a gold-white spar\". Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl andberylare two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium. Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on theMohs scale of mineral hardness, betweencorundum(9) andtopaz(8).\n\nAn interesting feature of its crystals are thecyclic twinscalledtrillings. These twinned crystals have ahexagonalappearance, but are the result of a triplet of twins with each \"twin\" oriented at 120° to its neighbors and taking up 120° of the cyclic trilling. If only two of the three possible twin orientations are present, a V-shaped twin results.\n\nOrdinary chrysoberyl is yellowish-green and transparent totranslucent. When the mineral exhibits good pale green to yellow color and is transparent, then it is used as a gemstone. The three main varieties of chrysoberyl are: ordinary yellow-to-green chrysoberyl, cat's eye orcymophane, andalexandrite. Yellow-green chrysoberyl was referred to as \"chrysolite\" during theVictorianand Edwardian eras, which caused confusion since that name has also been used for the mineralolivine(\"peridot\" as a gemstone); that name is no longer used in thegemologicalnomenclature.",
    "history": "Chrysoberyl forms as a result ofpegmatiticprocesses. Melting in theEarth's crustproduces relatively low-density moltenmagmawhich can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into thecrystallizationof solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals. The water extends the temperature range downwards before the magma becomes completely solid, allowing concentration of rare elements to proceed so far that they produce their own distinctive minerals. The resulting rock is igneous in appearance but formed at a low temperature from a water-rich melt, with large crystals of the common minerals such asquartzandfeldspar, but also with elevated concentrations of rare elements such as beryllium,lithium, orniobium, often forming their own minerals; this is called apegmatite. The high water content of the magma made it possible for the crystals to grow quickly, so pegmatite crystals are often quite large, which increases the likelihood of gem specimens forming.\n\nChrysoberyl can also grow in thecountry rocksnear to pegmatites, when Be- and Al-rich fluids from the pegmatite react with surrounding minerals. Hence, it can be found inmicaschistsand in contact with metamorphic deposits ofdolomiticmarble. Because it is a hard, dense mineral that is resistant to chemical alteration, it can be weathered out of rocks and deposited in river sands and gravels in alluvial deposits with other gem minerals such as diamond, corundum, topaz,spinel,garnet, and tourmaline. When found in suchplacers, it will have rounded edges instead of sharp, wedge-shape forms. Much of the chrysoberyl mined inBrazilandSri Lankais recovered from placers, as the host rocks have been intensely weathered and eroded.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chrysoberyl_1.jpg/960px-Chrysoberyl_1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chrysob%C3%A9ryl_var._alexandrite_sous_UV_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/960px-Chrysob%C3%A9ryl_var._alexandrite_sous_UV_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alexandrite_26.75cts.jpg/960px-Alexandrite_26.75cts.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alexandrite_ring.jpg/960px-Alexandrite_ring.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrite",
    "day_of_year": 29
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 53,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tourmaline",
    "formula": "(Ca,K,Na, ▢ )(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn) 3 (Al,Cr,Fe,V) 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si,Al,B) 6 O 18 (OH,F) 4 [ 1 ] [ 2 ]",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, sometimes resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.06+0.20–0.06 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. It can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. Rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.",
    "color_hex": "#86c67c",
    "description": "Tourmaline(/ˈtʊərməlɪn,-ˌliːn/ⓘTOOR-mə-lin, -⁠leen) is acrystallinesilicatemineral groupin whichboroniscompoundedwithelementssuch asaluminium,iron,magnesium,sodium,lithium, orpotassium. Thisgemstonecomes in a wide variety of colors.\n\nThe name is derived from theSinhalesetōramalli(ටෝරමල්ලි), which refers to thecarneliangemstones.\n\nBrightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.",
    "history": "Brightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.\n\nTourmalines were used by chemists in the 19th century topolarizelight by shining rays onto a cut and polished surface of the gem.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tourmaline_oblique_single.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tourmaline_001_single.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Tourmaline_100_3.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmaline",
    "day_of_year": 30
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 54,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sunstone",
    "formula": "( Ca , Na )(( Al , Si ) 2 Si 2 O 8 )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0–6.5",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.64–2.66",
    "color_description": "Colorless, orange, yellow, red, green, blue, brown, and copper shiller",
    "color_hex": "#e07020",
    "description": "Sunstoneis amicroclineoroligoclasefeldspar, which when viewed from certain directions  exhibits aspangled appearance. It has been found inSouthern Norway,Sweden, various localities in theUnited States, and on some beaches along the midcoast ofSouth Australia.\n\nThe optical effect is due to reflections from inclusions of redcopper, hematite, or goethite, in the form of minute scales, which arehexagonal,rhombic, or irregular in shape, and are disposed parallel to the principalcleavage-plane. These inclusions give the stone an appearance something like that ofaventurine, hence sunstone is known also as \"aventurine-feldspar\". The optical effect is called schiller and the color of Oregon Sunstone is due to copper. The middle part of this crystal sparkles, and usually the color is darkest in the middle and becomes lighter toward the outer edges.\n\nThe feldspar which usually displays the aventurine appearance isoligoclase, though the effect is sometimes seen inorthoclase: Hence two kinds of sunstone are distinguished as \"oligoclase sunstone\" and \"orthoclase sunstone\".",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Sunstone1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Sunstone2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_small_polished_sunstone.jpg/960px-A_small_polished_sunstone.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Labradoriteoregonsunstone.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstone",
    "day_of_year": 32
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 55,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Labradorite",
    "formula": "(Ca,Na)(Al,Si) 4 O 8 (Na:Ca = 30:70 to 50:50)",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly on cleavages",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.68 to 2.72",
    "color_description": "Gray, gray-white, or colorless with blue, pale green, or brown iridescence Spectrolite: may display pink, orange, or purple iridescence",
    "color_hex": "#5678a0",
    "description": "Labradorite((Ca,Na)(Al,Si)4O8) is a calcium-enrichedfeldsparmineralfirst identified inLabrador, Canada, which can display aniridescenteffect (schiller).\n\nLabradorite is an intermediate to calcic member of theplagioclaseseries. It has ananorthitepercentage (%An) of between 50 and 70. Thespecific gravityranges from 2.68 to 2.72. The streak is white, like mostsilicates. Therefractive indexranges from 1.559 to 1.573 andtwinningis common. As with all plagioclase members, the crystal system istriclinic, and three directions ofcleavageare present, two of which are nearly at right angles and are more obvious, being of good to perfect quality (while the third direction is poor). It occurs as clear, white to gray, blocky tolathshaped grains in commonmaficigneous rockssuch asbasaltandgabbro, as well as inanorthosites.\n\nThegeological type areafor labradorite isPaul's Islandnear the town ofNainin Labrador, Canada. It has also been reported in Poland, Norway, Finland and various other locations worldwide, with notable distribution in Madagascar, China, Australia, Slovakia and the United States.",
    "history": "Thegeological type areafor labradorite isPaul's Islandnear the town ofNainin Labrador, Canada. It has also been reported in Poland, Norway, Finland and various other locations worldwide, with notable distribution in Madagascar, China, Australia, Slovakia and the United States.\n\nLabradorite occurs inmaficigneous rocks and is the feldspar variety most common inbasaltandgabbro. The uncommonanorthositebodies are composed almost entirely of labradorite.It also is found in metamorphicamphibolitesand as a detrital component of some sediments. Common mineral associates in igneous rocks includeolivine,pyroxenes,amphibolesandmagnetite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Labradoryt%2C_Madagaskar.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Labradorite_detail.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LabradoriteAMD.jpg/960px-LabradoriteAMD.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Labradorite_%28UCL_Geology_Collections%29.jpg/960px-Labradorite_%28UCL_Geology_Collections%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labradorite",
    "day_of_year": 33
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 56,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rhodonite",
    "formula": "(Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mg, Ca)SiO 3",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.57–3.76",
    "color_description": "Pink, rose-pink to brownish red, red, gray and yellow",
    "color_hex": "#e87ea1",
    "description": "Rhodoniteis amanganeseinosilicate, with theformula(Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO3, and member of thepyroxenoidgroup ofminerals, crystallizing in thetriclinicsystem. The term rhodonite was first introduced by Germar. fromAncient Greekῥόδον(rhódon)'rose'. It commonly occurs as cleavable to compact masses with arose-red coloroften tending to brown due to surfaceoxidation. The rose-red hue is caused by the manganesecation(Mn2+).\n\nRhodonitecrystalsoften have a thick tabularhabit, but are rare. It has a perfect, prismaticcleavage, almost at right angles. Thehardnessis 5.5–6.5, and thespecific gravityis 3.4–3.7;lusteris vitreous, being less frequently pearly on cleavage surfaces. The manganese is often partly replaced byiron,magnesium,calcium, and sometimeszinc, which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is calledbustamite;fowleriteis a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide.\n\nTheinosilicate(chain silicate) structure of rhodonite has a repeat unit of five silicatetrahedra. The rarepolymorphpyroxmangite, formed at different conditions of pressure and temperature, has the same chemical composition but a repeat unit of seven tetrahedra.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/8224M-rhodonite3.jpg/960px-8224M-rhodonite3.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Rhodonite09.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tomb_of_Tsarina_Maria_Alexandrovna%2C_wife%2C_of_Tsar_Alexander_II%2C_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral_%2837185567485%29.jpg/960px-Tomb_of_Tsarina_Maria_Alexandrovna%2C_wife%2C_of_Tsar_Alexander_II%2C_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral_%2837185567485%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodonite",
    "day_of_year": 34
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 57,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rhodochrosite",
    "formula": "MnCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.7",
    "color_description": "Pink, rose, rose-red, red, cherry-red, yellow, yellowish grey, grey, cinnamon-brown, white, may be banded; colourless to pale rose in transmitted light.",
    "color_hex": "#e55b6e",
    "description": "Rhodochrositeis amanganesecarbonate mineralwith chemical compositionMnCO3. In its pure form (rare), it is typically a rose-red colour,but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. Itstreakswhite,and itsMohs hardnessvaries between 3.5 and 4.5. Itsspecific gravityis between 3.45 and 3.6.The crystal system of rhodochrosite istrigonal, with a structure andcleavagein the carbonaterhombohedral system. The carbonate ions (CO2−3) are arranged in a triangular planar configuration, and themanganeseions (Mn2+) are surrounded by six oxygen ions in an octahedral arrangement. The MnO6octahedra and CO3triangles are linked together to form a three-dimensional structure.Crystal twinningis often present. It can be confused with the manganese silicaterhodonite, but is distinctly softer.Rhodochrosite is formed by the oxidation of manganeseore, and is found inSouth Africa,China, and theAmericas.It is one of thenational symbols of Argentinaand the state ofColorado.\n\nRhodochrosite forms a completesolid solutionseries with iron carbonate (siderite).Calcium(as well asmagnesiumandzinc, to a limited extent) frequently substitutes for manganese in the structure, leading to lighter shades of red and pink, depending on the degree of substitution. This is the reason for the rose color of rhodochrosite.\n\nRhodochrosite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas,Argentina.",
    "history": "Rhodochrosite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas,Argentina.\n\nIt was first described in 1813 in reference to a sample fromCavnic,Maramureș, present-dayRomania. The name is derived from the combination ofGreekwords ροδόν (rodon, meaningrose) and χρωσις (chrosis, meaningcoloring).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/960px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fluorite-Quartz-Rhodochrosite-ed10a.jpg/960px-Fluorite-Quartz-Rhodochrosite-ed10a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rhodochrosite_Pink_Form.jpg/960px-Rhodochrosite_Pink_Form.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alma_King_rhodochrosite.jpg/960px-Alma_King_rhodochrosite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodochrosite",
    "day_of_year": 35
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 58,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Azurite",
    "formula": "Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5 to 4",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "Light blue",
    "specific_gravity": "3.773 (measured), 3.78 (calculated)",
    "color_description": "Azure-blue, dark to pale blue; pale blue in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#2d5da1",
    "description": "AzuriteorAzure spar: 14is a soft, deep-bluecoppermineralproduced by weathering of copper ore deposits. During the early 19th century, it was also known aschessylite, after thetype localityatChessynearLyon, France.The mineral, a basiccarbonatewith the chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, has been known since ancient times, and was mentioned inPliny the Elder'sNatural Historyunder the Greek namekuanos(κυανός: \"deep blue,\" root of Englishcyan) and the Latin namecaeruleum.Copper (Cu2+) gives it its deep blue color.\n\nAzurite has the formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, with the copper(II)cationslinked to two different anions,carbonateandhydroxide. It is one of two relatively common basic copper(II)carbonate minerals, the other being bright greenmalachite.Aurichalciteis a rare basic carbonate of copper andzinc.Simplecopper carbonate(CuCO3) is not known to exist in nature, due to the high affinity of theCu2+ion for thehydroxideanionHO−.\n\nAzurite crystallizes in themonoclinic system.Large crystals are dark blue, often prismatic.Azurite specimens can be massive to nodular or can occur asdrusycrystals lining a cavity.",
    "history": "Azurite is found in the same geologic settings as its sister mineral, malachite, though it is usually less abundant. Both minerals occur widely assupergenecopper minerals, formed in theoxidizedzone of copper ore deposits. Here they are associated withcuprite,native copper, and variousiron oxideminerals.It also often occurs along withquartz,cerussite,chrysocolla,oliveniteandbaryte.\n\nFine specimens can be found at many locations. Among the best specimens are found atBisbee, Arizona, and nearby locations, and have included clusters of crystals several inches long and spherical aggregates and rosettes up to 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter. Similar rosettes are found atChessy, Rhône, France. The best crystals, up to 10 inches (250 mm) in length, are found atTsumeb,Namibia. Other notable occurrences are inUtah;Mexico; theUralandAltai Mountains;Sardinia;Laurion, Greece;Wallaroo, South Australia; Brazil andBroken Hill.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Azuritepigment.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lady_with_a_Squirrel_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_in_the_National_Gallery.jpg/960px-Lady_with_a_Squirrel_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_in_the_National_Gallery.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lady_with_a_Squirrel_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_in_the_National_Gallery.jpg/960px-Lady_with_a_Squirrel_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_in_the_National_Gallery.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Madonna_and_Child_Enthroned_with_Saints.jpg/960px-Madonna_and_Child_Enthroned_with_Saints.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite",
    "day_of_year": 36
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 59,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chrysocolla",
    "formula": "Cu 2 − x Al x (H 2 Si 2 O 5 )(OH) 4 · n H 2 O ( x < 1) [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic Unknown space group",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–3.5 (7 for chrysocolla chalcedony, high-silica",
    "luster": "Vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "White to a blue-green color",
    "specific_gravity": "1.9–2.4",
    "color_description": "Blue, cyan ( blue-green ), green, dark blue to black, brown, rarely yellow",
    "color_hex": "#4cb9a0",
    "description": "Chrysocolla(/ˌkrɪsəˈkɒlə/KRIS-ə-KOL-ə) is ahydrouscopperphyllosilicatemineralandmineraloidwith theformulaCu2 –xAlx(H2Si2O5)(OH)4⋅nH2O(x< 1)or(Cu, Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4⋅nH2O).\n\nThe structure of the mineral has been questioned, as a 2006 spectrographic study suggest material identified as chrysocolla may be a mixture of the copper hydroxidespertiniiteandchalcedony.\n\nThe namechrysocollacomes from theAncient Greekχρυσός(khrusós) andκολλα(kolla), meaning \"gold\" and \"glue\" respectively,in allusion to the name of the material used tosoldergold. The word was first used byTheophrastusin 315 BC.",
    "history": "The namechrysocollacomes from theAncient Greekχρυσός(khrusós) andκολλα(kolla), meaning \"gold\" and \"glue\" respectively,in allusion to the name of the material used tosoldergold. The word was first used byTheophrastusin 315 BC.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Chrysocolla-Tyrolite-Clinotyrolite-202106.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Chrysocolla-201585.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chrysocolla-bolo.jpg/960px-Chrysocolla-bolo.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Brochantite-Chrysocolla-k329b.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysocolla",
    "day_of_year": 37
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 60,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cuprite",
    "formula": "Cu 2 O",
    "category": "Oxide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5 to 4",
    "luster": "Adamantine, sub-metallic, earthy",
    "streak": "Shining metallic brownish-red",
    "specific_gravity": "6.14",
    "color_description": "Dark red to cochineal red, sometimes almost black",
    "color_hex": "#a52a2a",
    "description": "Cupriteis anoxide mineralcomposed ofcopper(I) oxideCu2O, and is a minororeofcopper.\n\nIts dark crystals with red internal reflections are in theisometricsystem hexoctahedral class, appearing as cubic, octahedral, or dodecahedral forms, or in combinations. Penetrationtwinsfrequently occur. In spite of its nice color, it is rarely used forjewelrybecause of its lowMohs hardnessof 3.5 to 4. It has a relatively highspecific gravityof 6.1, imperfect cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is sub-metallic to brilliant adamantine. The \"chalcotrichite\" (fromAncient Greek:χαλκός θρίξ τριχός, \"plush copper ore\")variety typically shows greatly elongated (parallel to ) capillary or needle like  crystals forms.\n\nIt is a secondary mineral which forms in the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits. It frequently occurs in association withnative copper,azurite,chrysocolla,malachite,tenoriteand a variety ofiron oxideminerals.It is known asruby copperdue to its distinctive red color.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CupriteUSGOV.jpg/960px-CupriteUSGOV.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Cuprite-66649.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Chalcotrichite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprite",
    "day_of_year": 38
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 61,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Dioptase",
    "formula": "Cu 6 Si 6 O 18 ·6H 2 O",
    "category": "Cyclosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "Green",
    "specific_gravity": "3.28–3.35",
    "color_description": "Dark teal , emerald green",
    "color_hex": "#209d7d",
    "description": "Dioptaseis an intenseemerald-green tobluish-greenmineralthat iscyclosilicateofcopper. It is transparent totranslucent. Itslusteris vitreous to sub-adamantine. Its formula isCu6Si6O18·6H2O, also reported asCuSiO2(OH)2. It has aMohs hardnessof 5, the same astooth enamel. Itsspecific gravityis 3.28–3.35, and it has two perfect and one very goodcleavagedirections. Additionally, dioptase is very fragile, and specimens must be handled with great care. It is atrigonalmineral, forming six-sidedcrystalsthat are terminated byrhombohedra.\n\nIt is popular withmineral collectorsand is sometimes cut into smallgems. It can also be pulverized and used as apigmentfor painting.\n\nDioptase was used to highlight the edges of the eyes on the threePre-Pottery Neolithic Blime plasterstatues discovered at 'Ain Ghazal, known asMicah, Heifa and Noah.These sculptures date back to about 7200 BC.",
    "history": "Dioptase was used to highlight the edges of the eyes on the threePre-Pottery Neolithic Blime plasterstatues discovered at 'Ain Ghazal, known asMicah, Heifa and Noah.These sculptures date back to about 7200 BC.\n\nLate in the 18th century, copper miners at the Altyn-Tyube (Altyn-Tube) mine,Karagandy Province,Kazakhstanthought they had found theemeralddeposit of their dreams. They found fantastic cavities inquartzveins in alimestonerock, filled with thousands of lustrous transparent emerald-green  crystals. The crystals were dispatched toMoscow,Russia, for analysis. However, the mineral's inferior hardness of 5 compared with emerald's greater hardness of 8 easily distinguished it. Eventually, in 1797, themineralogistFr.René Just Haüydetermined that the enigmatic Altyn-Tyube mineral was new to science and named it dioptase (Greek,dia, \"through\" andoptos, \"visible\"), alluding to the internal cleavage planes that can be seen inside unbroken crystals.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dioptasetsumeb5.jpg/960px-Dioptasetsumeb5.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cerussite-Dioptase-di02a.jpg/960px-Cerussite-Dioptase-di02a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Chrysocolla-Dioptase-k-115a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Dioptase-146729.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptase",
    "day_of_year": 39
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 62,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Wulfenite",
    "formula": "PbMoO 4",
    "category": "Molybdate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3",
    "luster": "Adamantine, resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "6.5–7.0",
    "color_description": "Orange-yellow, yellow, honey-yellow, reddish-orange, rarely colorless, grey, brown, olive-green and even black",
    "color_hex": "#e68a00",
    "description": "Wulfeniteis aleadmolybdatemineralwith the formulaPbMoO4. It often occurs as thin tabular crystals with a bright orange-red to yellow-orange color, sometimes brown, although the color can be highly variable. In its yellow form it is sometimes called \"yellow lead ore\".\n\nIt crystallizes in thetetragonal system, often occurring as stubby, pyramidal or tabular crystals. It also occurs as earthy, granular masses. It is found in many localities, associated withleadoresas asecondary mineralassociated with theoxidizedzone of lead deposits.  It is also a secondary ore ofmolybdenum, and is sought by collectors.\n\nWulfenite was first described in 1845 for an occurrence inBad Bleiberg,Carinthia, Austria.It was named forFranz Xaver von Wulfen(1728–1805), an Austrian mineralogist.",
    "history": "Wulfenite was first described in 1845 for an occurrence inBad Bleiberg,Carinthia, Austria.It was named forFranz Xaver von Wulfen(1728–1805), an Austrian mineralogist.\n\nIt occurs as a secondary mineral in oxidizedhydrothermallead deposits. It occurs withcerussite,anglesite,smithsonite,hemimorphite,vanadinite,pyromorphite,mimetite,descloizite,plattneriteand various iron and manganese oxides.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Wulfenite-251130.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Wulfenite-43291.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wulfenite_mexique.jpg/960px-Wulfenite_mexique.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Wulfenite-231645.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfenite",
    "day_of_year": 40
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 63,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Vanadinite",
    "formula": "Pb 5 (VO 4 ) 3 Cl",
    "category": "Vanadate minerals Apatite group",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3–4",
    "luster": "Resinous to sub-adamantine",
    "streak": "Brownish yellow",
    "specific_gravity": "6.8–7.1 (measured) 6.95 (calculated)",
    "color_description": "Bright red, orange-red, red-brown, brown, yellow, whitish, grey or colourless or weakly tinted in transmitted light; pale straw-yellow;. may be concentrically zoned",
    "color_hex": "#cc3333",
    "description": "Vanadiniteis amineralbelonging to theapatitegroup ofphosphates, with the chemical formulaPb5(VO4)3Cl. It is one of the main industrial ores of the metalvanadiumand a minor source oflead. A dense, brittle mineral, it is usually found in the form of red hexagonalcrystals. It is an uncommon mineral, formed by the oxidation of lead ore deposits such asgalena. First discovered in 1801 inMexico, vanadinite deposits have since been unearthed in South America, Europe, Africa, and North America.\n\nVanadinite is an uncommon mineral, only occurring as the result of chemical alterations to a pre-existing material. It is therefore known as a secondary mineral. It is found inaridclimates and forms byoxidationof primary lead minerals. Vanadinite is especially found in association with the lead sulfide,galena. Other associated minerals includewulfenite,limonite, andbarite.\n\nIt was originally discovered inMexicoby the Spanish mineralogistAndrés Manuel del Ríoin 1801. He called the mineral \"brown lead\" and asserted that it contained a new element, which he first named pancromium and later, erythronium. However, he was later led to believe that this was not a new element but merely an impure form of chromium. In 1830,Nils Gabriel Sefströmdiscovered a new element, which he named vanadium. It was later revealed that this was identical to the metal discovered earlier by Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río's \"brown lead\" was also rediscovered, in 1838 in Zimapan,Hidalgo, Mexico, and was named vanadinite because of its high vanadium content. Other names that have since been given to vanadinite are johnstonite and lead vanadate.",
    "history": "Vanadinite occurs as a secondary mineral in theoxidized zoneof lead-bearing deposits; the vanadium is leached from wall-rocksilicates. Associated minerals includemimetite,pyromorphite,descloizite,mottramite,wulfenite,cerussite,anglesite,calcite,barite, and variousiron oxideminerals.\n\nDeposits of vanadinite are found worldwide includingAustria,Spain,Scotland, theUral Mountains,South Africa,Namibia,Morocco,Argentina,Mexico, and four states of theUnited States:Arizona,Colorado,New Mexico, andSouth Dakota.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vanadinite-xtal-2x2x2-centroid-fit-3D-bs-17.png/960px-Vanadinite-xtal-2x2x2-centroid-fit-3D-bs-17.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vanadinite-xtal-Cl-coordination-3D-bs-17.png/960px-Vanadinite-xtal-Cl-coordination-3D-bs-17.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vanadinite-xtal-Pb1-coordination-3D-bs-17.png/960px-Vanadinite-xtal-Pb1-coordination-3D-bs-17.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vanadinite-xtal-Pb2-coordination-3D-bs-17.png/960px-Vanadinite-xtal-Pb2-coordination-3D-bs-17.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadinite",
    "day_of_year": 41
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 64,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Crocoite",
    "formula": "Lead Chromate PbCrO 4",
    "category": "Chromate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–3",
    "luster": "Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy",
    "streak": "Yellowish orange",
    "specific_gravity": "5.9–6.1",
    "color_description": "Orange, red, yellow; orange-red in transmitted light.",
    "color_hex": "#e74c3c",
    "description": "Crocoiteis a mineral consisting oflead chromate,PbCrO4, and crystallizing in themonoclinic crystal system. It is identical in composition with the artificial productchrome yellowused as a paint pigment.\n\nCrocoite is commonly found as large, well-developed prismatic adamantine crystals, although in many cases are poorly terminated. Crystals are of a bright hyacinth-red color, translucent, and have anadamantinetovitreouslustre. On exposure to UV light some of the translucency and brilliancy is lost. The streak is orange-yellow;Mohs hardnessis 2.5–3; and thespecific gravityis 6.0.\n\nIt was discovered at the Berezovskoe Au Deposit (Berezovsk Mines) nearEkaterinburgin theUralsin 1766;and named crocoise byF. S. Beudantin 1832, from the Greek κρόκος (krokos),saffron, in allusion to its color, a name first altered to crocoisite and afterwards to crocoite.  In the type locality the crystals are found in gold-bearingquartz-veins traversinggraniteorgneissand associated with crocoite arequartz, embreyite,phoenicochroiteandvauquelinite. Phoenicochroite is a basic lead chromate, Pb2CrO5with dark red crystals, and vauquelinite a lead and copper phosphate-chromate, Pb2CuCrO4PO4OH, with brown or green monoclinic crystals. Vauquelinite was named afterLouis Nicolas Vauquelin, who in 1797 discovered (simultaneously with and independently of M. H. Klaproth) the element chromium in crocoite.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/960px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Crocoite-360746.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Crocoite09.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Berezov-crocoite.jpg/960px-Berezov-crocoite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocoite",
    "day_of_year": 42
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 65,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Realgar",
    "formula": "As 4 S 4 or AsS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2",
    "luster": "Resinous to greasy",
    "streak": "Red-orange to red",
    "specific_gravity": "3.56",
    "color_description": "Red to yellow-orange; in polished section, pale gray, with abundant yellow to red internal reflections",
    "color_hex": "#e34234",
    "description": "Realgar(/riˈælɡɑːr,-ɡər/ree-AL-gar, -⁠gər), also known asarsenic blende,ruby sulphurorruby of arsenic, is anarsenicsulfide mineral with the chemical formulaα-As4S4. It is a soft mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, or in granular, compact, or powdery form, often in association with the related mineral, orpiment (As2S3). It is orange-red in color, and burns with a bluish flame releasing fumes of arsenic and sulfur. It istrimorphouswith pararealgar and bonazziite.\n\nIts name comes from the Arabicrahj al-ġār(رهج الغار[rahdʒælɣaːr]listenⓘ, \"powder of the mine\"), via Medieval Latin, and its earliest record in English is in the 1390s.\n\nRealgar is a minor ore of arsenic extracted in China, Peru, and the Philippines.",
    "history": "Its name comes from the Arabicrahj al-ġār(رهج الغار[rahdʒælɣaːr]listenⓘ, \"powder of the mine\"), via Medieval Latin, and its earliest record in English is in the 1390s.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Realgar-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Realgar-unit-cell-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Realgar-md56a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Realgar-Picropharmacolite-117490.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar",
    "day_of_year": 43
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 66,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Orpiment",
    "formula": "As 2 S 3",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2",
    "luster": "Resinous, pearly on cleavage surface",
    "streak": "Pale lemon-yellow",
    "specific_gravity": "3.49",
    "color_description": "Lemon-yellow to golden or brownish yellow",
    "color_hex": "#e9a820",
    "description": "Orpiment, also known asyellowarsenic blende, is a deep-colored, orange-yellowarsenicsulfide mineralwith formulaAs2S3. It is found in volcanicfumaroles, low-temperaturehydrothermalveins, andhot springsand may be formed throughsublimation.\n\nOrpiment takes its name from the Latinauripigmentum(aurum, \"gold\" +pigmentum, \"pigment\"), due to its deep-yellow color. Orpiment once was widely used in artworks, medicine, and other applications. Because of its toxicity and instability, its usage has declined.\n\nThe Latinauripigmentum(aurum, \"gold\" +pigmentum, \"pigment\") referred both to its deep-yellow color and to the historical belief that it contained gold. The Latin term was used byPlinyin the first century CE.",
    "history": "The Latinauripigmentum(aurum, \"gold\" +pigmentum, \"pigment\") referred both to its deep-yellow color and to the historical belief that it contained gold. The Latin term was used byPlinyin the first century CE.\n\nThe Greek for orpiment wasarsenikon, deriving from the Greek wordarsenikos, meaning \"male\", from the belief that metals were of different sexes. This Greek term was used byTheophrastusin the fourth century BC.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Orpiment-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Orpiment-unit-cell-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Orpiment-layer-3D-balls.png/960px-Orpiment-layer-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orpiment-layers-stacking-3D-balls.png/960px-Orpiment-layers-stacking-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Orpiment-148270.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment",
    "day_of_year": 44
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 67,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Stibnite",
    "formula": "Sb 2 S 3",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2",
    "luster": "Metallic [ 2 ]",
    "streak": "Lead grey",
    "specific_gravity": "4.63",
    "color_description": "Lead-gray, tarnishing blackish or iridescent; in polished section, white",
    "color_hex": "#708090",
    "description": "Stibnite, sometimes calledantimonite, is asulfide mineral, a  mineral form ofantimony trisulfide(Sb2S3).  It is a soft, metallic grey crystalline solid with anorthorhombicspace group.It is the most important source for themetalloidantimony.The name is derived from the Greekστίβιstibithrough the Latinstibiumas the former name for the mineral and the element antimony.\n\nStibnite has a structure similar to that ofarsenic trisulfide,As2S3.  The Sb(III) centers, which are pyramidal and three-coordinate, are linked via bent two-coordinate sulfide ions. However, some studies suggest that the actual coordination polyhedra of antimony are SbS7, with (3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site. Some of the secondary bonds impart cohesion and are connected with packing.Stibnite is grey when fresh, but can turn superficially black due to oxidation in air.\n\nThe melting point of Sb2S3is 823 K (550 °C; 1,022 °F).The band gap is 1.88 eV at room temperature and it is a photoconductor.Stibnite is also toxic upon ingestion, with symptoms similar to those ofarsenic poisoning.",
    "history": "Stibnite occurs inhydrothermaldeposits and is associated withrealgar,orpiment,cinnabar,galena,pyrite,marcasite,arsenopyrite,cervantite,stibiconite,calcite,ankerite,bariteandchalcedony.\n\nSmall deposits of stibnite are common, but large deposits are rare. The world's largest deposit of antimony, theXikuangshan mine, yields high quality crystals inparagenesiswithcalcite. It occurs inCanada,Mexico,Peru,Japan,Germany,Romania,Italy,France,England,Algeria, andKalimantan,Borneo. In theUnited Statesit is found inArkansas,Idaho,Nevada,California, andAlaska.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StibineRoumanie.jpg/960px-StibineRoumanie.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stibnite_-_Herja_mine%2C_Maramures%2C_Romania.jpg/960px-Stibnite_-_Herja_mine%2C_Maramures%2C_Romania.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibnite",
    "day_of_year": 45
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 68,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Galena",
    "formula": "PbS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–2.75",
    "luster": "Metallic on cleavage planes",
    "streak": "Lead gray",
    "specific_gravity": "7.2–7.6",
    "color_description": "Lead gray and silvery",
    "color_hex": "#6b6e70",
    "description": "Galena, also calledlead glance, is the natural mineral form oflead(II) sulfide(PbS). It is the most importantoreofleadand an important source ofsilver.\n\nGalena is one of the most abundant and widely distributedsulfide minerals. It crystallizes in thecubiccrystal systemoften showingoctahedralforms. It is often associated with the mineralssphalerite,calciteandfluorite.\n\nAs a pure specimen held in the hand, understandard temperature and pressure, galena is insoluble in water and so is almost non-toxic. Handling galena under these specific conditions (such as in a museum or as part of geology instruction) poses practically no risk; however, as lead(II) sulfide is reasonably reactive in a variety of environments, it can be highly toxic if swallowed or inhaled, particularly under prolonged or repeated exposure.",
    "history": "Galena is the main ore oflead, used since ancient times,since lead can besmeltedfrom galena in an ordinary wood fire.Galena typically is found inhydrothermal veinsin association withsphalerite,marcasite,chalcopyrite,cerussite,anglesite,dolomite,calcite,quartz,barite, andfluorite. It is also found in association with sphalerite in low-temperature lead-zincdeposits withinlimestonebeds. Minor amounts are found incontact metamorphiczones, inpegmatites, and disseminated in sedimentary rock.\n\nIn some deposits, the galena contains up to 0.5%silver, a byproduct that far surpasses the main lead ore in revenue.In these deposits significant amounts of silver occur as includedsilver sulfidemineral phases or as limited silver insolid solutionwithin the galena structure. Theseargentiferous galenashave long been an important ore of silver.Silver-bearing galena is almost entirely of hydrothermal origin; galena in lead-zinc deposits contains little silver.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Galena_-_Huallanca%2C_Bologesi%2C_Ancash%2C_Peru.jpg/960px-Galena_-_Huallanca%2C_Bologesi%2C_Ancash%2C_Peru.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Baryte-Galena-Pyrite-203072.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena",
    "day_of_year": 46
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 69,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cinnabar",
    "formula": "Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.0–2.5",
    "luster": "Adamantine to dull",
    "streak": "Scarlet",
    "specific_gravity": "8.176",
    "color_description": "Cochineal -red, towards brownish red and lead-gray",
    "color_hex": "#e44d2e",
    "description": "Cinnabar(/ˈsɪnəˌbɑːr/; fromAncient Greekκιννάβαρι(kinnábari)),also calledcinnabarite(/ˌsɪnəˈbɑːraɪt/) ormercurblende, is the brightscarletto brick-red form ofmercury(II) sulfide(HgS). It is the most common sourceorefor refiningelemental mercuryand is the historic source for the brilliant red or scarlet pigment termedvermilionand associated red mercury pigments.\n\nCinnabar generally occurs as a vein-fillingmineralassociated withvolcanic activityandalkalinehot springs. The mineral resemblesquartzin symmetry and it exhibitsbirefringence. Cinnabar has a meanrefractive indexnear 3.2, ahardnessbetween 2.0 and 2.5, and aspecific gravityof approximately 8.1. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a hexagonal crystallinelatticebelonging to thetrigonal crystal system, crystals that sometimes exhibittwinning.\n\nCinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in theNear East, including as arouge-typecosmetic, in theNew Worldsince theOlmecculture, and inChinasince as early as theYangshao culture, where it was used in coloringstoneware. In Roman times, cinnabar was highly valued as paint for walls, especially interiors, since it darkened when used outdoors due to exposure to sunlight.",
    "history": "The name comes fromGreekκιννάβαρι(kinnabari),a Greek word most likely applied byTheophrastusto several distinct substances.In Latin, it was sometimes known asminium, meaning also \"red cinnamon\",though both of these terms now refer specifically tolead tetroxide.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cinnabarit_01.jpg/960px-Cinnabarit_01.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cinnabar_crystal_structure.png/960px-Cinnabar_crystal_structure.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Cinnabar09.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar",
    "day_of_year": 47
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 70,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Barite",
    "formula": "BaSO 4",
    "category": "Sulfate mineral , barite group",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3–3.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.3–5",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, light shades of blue, yellow, grey, brown",
    "color_hex": "#c8c8c0",
    "description": "Baryteorbarite(/ˈbæraɪt,ˈbɛər-/BARR-eyet,BAIR-),also calledbarytes(/bəˈraɪtiːz/bə-RY-teez),is amineralconsisting ofbarium sulfate(BaSO4).Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the elementbarium. Thebaryte groupconsists of baryte,celestine(strontium sulfate),anglesite(lead sulfate), andanhydrite(calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form asolid solution(Ba,Sr)SO4.\n\nThe radiating form, sometimes referred to asBologna Stone,attained some notoriety amongalchemistsfor specimens found in the 17th century nearBolognaby Vincenzo Casciarolo. These becamephosphorescentupon beingcalcined.\n\nCarl Scheeledetermined that baryte contained a new element in 1774, but could not isolatebarium, onlybarium oxide.Johan Gottlieb Gahnalso isolatedbarium oxidetwo years later in similar studies. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808 by SirHumphry DavyinEngland.",
    "history": "The radiating form, sometimes referred to asBologna Stone,attained some notoriety amongalchemistsfor specimens found in the 17th century nearBolognaby Vincenzo Casciarolo. These becamephosphorescentupon beingcalcined.\n\nCarl Scheeledetermined that baryte contained a new element in 1774, but could not isolatebarium, onlybarium oxide.Johan Gottlieb Gahnalso isolatedbarium oxidetwo years later in similar studies. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808 by SirHumphry DavyinEngland.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Barite_-_Cerro_Warihuyn%2C_Miraflores%2C_Huamalies%2C_Huanuco%2C_Peru.jpg/960px-Barite_-_Cerro_Warihuyn%2C_Miraflores%2C_Huamalies%2C_Huanuco%2C_Peru.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Barite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Barite_FRIZINGTON.jpg/960px-Barite_FRIZINGTON.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barite",
    "day_of_year": 48
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 71,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Celestine",
    "formula": "Sr S O 4 sometimes contains minor calcium and/or barium",
    "category": "Sulfate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.0–3.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavages",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.95–3.97",
    "color_description": "White, pink, pale green, pale brown, black, pale blue, reddish, greyish; colourless or lightly tinted in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#a8d8ea",
    "description": "Celestine(theIMA-accepted name)orcelestite[a]is amineralconsisting ofstrontium sulfate(SrSO4). The mineral is named after its occasional delicateblue color. Celestine and thecarbonatemineralstrontianiteare the principal sources of theelementstrontium, commonly used infireworksand in variousmetal alloys.\n\nCelestine derives its name from theLatinwordcaelestismeaning celestialwhich in turn is derived from the Latin wordcaelummeaning sky, air, weather, atmosphere and heaven.\n\nCelestine occurs ascrystals, and also in compact massive and fibrous forms. It is mostly found insedimentaryrocks, often associated with the mineralsgypsum,anhydrite, andhalite. On occasion in some localities, it may also be found withsulfurinclusions.",
    "history": "Celestine derives its name from theLatinwordcaelestismeaning celestialwhich in turn is derived from the Latin wordcaelummeaning sky, air, weather, atmosphere and heaven.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Celestine_Poland.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Celestine_SrSO4.jpg/960px-Celestine_SrSO4.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestine_(mineral)",
    "day_of_year": 49
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 72,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Gypsum",
    "formula": "CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O",
    "category": "Sulfate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2 (defining mineral for 2)",
    "luster": "Vitreous to silky, pearly, or waxy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.31–2.33",
    "color_description": "Colorless (in transmitted light) to white; often tinged other hues due to impurities; may be yellow, tan, blue, pink, dark brown, reddish brown or gray",
    "color_hex": "#f0ece2",
    "description": "Gypsumis a softsulfate mineralcomposed ofcalcium sulfatedihydrate, with thechemical formulaCaSO4·2H2O.It is widely mined and is used as afertilizerand as the main constituent in many forms ofplaster,drywallandblackboardorsidewalk chalk.Gypsum alsocrystallizesas translucent crystals ofselenite.It forms as anevaporitemineral and as ahydrationproduct ofanhydrite.TheMohs scale of mineral hardnessdefines gypsum as hardness value 2 based onscratchhardness comparison.\n\nFine-grained white or lightly tinted forms of gypsum known asalabasterhave been used forsculptureby many cultures includingAncient Egypt,Mesopotamia,Ancient Rome, theByzantine Empire, and theNottingham alabastersofMedieval England.\n\nThe wordgypsumis derived from theGreekwordgypsos(γύψος), \"plaster\".Because thequarriesof theMontmartredistrict of Paris have long furnished burnt gypsum (calcinedgypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known asplaster of Paris. Upon adding water, after a few dozen minutes, plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing the material to harden or \"set\" in ways that are useful for casting and construction.",
    "history": "The wordgypsumis derived from theGreekwordgypsos(γύψος), \"plaster\".Because thequarriesof theMontmartredistrict of Paris have long furnished burnt gypsum (calcinedgypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known asplaster of Paris. Upon adding water, after a few dozen minutes, plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing the material to harden or \"set\" in ways that are useful for casting and construction.\n\nGypsum was known in Old English asspærstān, \"spear stone\", referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the wordsparin mineralogy, by comparison to gypsum, refers to any non-oremineral or crystal that forms in spearlike projections.  In the mid-18th century, the German clergyman and agriculturalistJohann Friderich Mayerinvestigated and publicized gypsum's use as a fertilizer.Gypsum may act as a source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost miraculous fertilizer. American farmers were so anxious to acquire it that a lively smuggling trade with Nova Scotia evolved, resulting in the so-called\"Plaster War\"of 1820.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg/960px-Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/960px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg/960px-WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum",
    "day_of_year": 50
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 73,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Halite",
    "formula": "NaCl",
    "category": "Halide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic [ 2 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.0–2.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.17",
    "color_description": "Colorless or white when pure. Impurities produce any color but usually yellow, gray, black, brown, red (Depends on isotopes and purity for various colours) [ 2 ]",
    "color_hex": "#f0f0f0",
    "description": "Halite(/ˈhælaɪt,ˈheɪlaɪt/HAL-yte,HAY-lyte),commonly known asrock salt, is a type ofsalt, themineral(natural) form ofsodium chloride(NaCl). Halite formsisometric crystals.The mineral is typically colorless or white, but may also be light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials,impurities, and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals.It commonly occurs with  otherevaporitedeposit minerals such as several of thesulfates,halides, andborates. The namehaliteis derived from the Ancient Greek word for \"salt\",ἅλς(háls).\n\nHalite dominantly occurs within sedimentary rocks where it has formed from the evaporation of seawater or salty lake water. Vast beds ofsedimentaryevaporite minerals, including halite, can result from the drying up ofenclosedlakes and restricted seas. Such salt beds may be hundreds of meters thick and underlie broad areas.Halite occurs at the surface today inplayasin regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation such as in the salt flats ofBadwater BasininDeath Valley National Park.\n\nIn theUnited StatesandCanada, extensive underground beds extend from theAppalachian Basinof westernNew Yorkthrough parts ofOntarioand under much of theMichigan Basin. Other deposits are inOhio,Kansas,New Mexico,Nova ScotiaandSaskatchewan. Deposits can also be found nearDasol,Pangasinan,Philippines. TheKhewra salt mineis a massive deposit of halite nearIslamabad, Pakistan.",
    "history": "Halite dominantly occurs within sedimentary rocks where it has formed from the evaporation of seawater or salty lake water. Vast beds ofsedimentaryevaporite minerals, including halite, can result from the drying up ofenclosedlakes and restricted seas. Such salt beds may be hundreds of meters thick and underlie broad areas.Halite occurs at the surface today inplayasin regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation such as in the salt flats ofBadwater BasininDeath Valley National Park.\n\nIn theUnited StatesandCanada, extensive underground beds extend from theAppalachian Basinof westernNew Yorkthrough parts ofOntarioand under much of theMichigan Basin. Other deposits are inOhio,Kansas,New Mexico,Nova ScotiaandSaskatchewan. Deposits can also be found nearDasol,Pangasinan,Philippines. TheKhewra salt mineis a massive deposit of halite nearIslamabad, Pakistan.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Halite-Egypt.jpg/960px-Halite-Egypt.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Halite_Dead_Sea_Beach_Pebbles.JPG/960px-Halite_Dead_Sea_Beach_Pebbles.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite",
    "day_of_year": 51
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 74,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sylvite",
    "formula": "KCl",
    "category": "Halide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "2",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "1.993",
    "color_description": "Colorless to white, pale gray, pale blue; may be yellowish red\nto red due to hematite inclusions",
    "color_hex": "#e0c0a0",
    "description": "Sylvite, orsylvine, ispotassium chloride(KCl) in naturalmineralform. It forms crystals in theisometricsystem very similar to normal rock salt,halite(NaCl). The two are, in fact,isomorphous.Sylvite is colorless to white with shades of yellow and red due to inclusions. It has aMohs hardnessof 2.5 and aspecific gravityof 1.99. It has a refractive index of 1.4903.Sylvite has a salty taste with a distinct bitterness.\n\nSylvite is one of the lastevaporiteminerals to precipitate out of solution. As such, it is found only in very dry saline areas. Its principal use is as a potassium fertilizer.\n\nSylvite is found in many evaporite deposits worldwide. Massive bedded deposits occur in New Mexico and western Texas, and in Utah in the US, but the largest world source is inSaskatchewan, Canada. The vast deposits in Saskatchewan were formed by the evaporation of aDevonianseaway. Sylvite is the official mineral of Saskatchewan.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Mineral_Silvina_GDFL105.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvite",
    "day_of_year": 52
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 75,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sulfur",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 16 (chalcogens)",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.0",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "alpha (α-S 8 ): 2.07 g/cm 3 beta (β-S 8 ): 1.96 g/cm 3 gamma (γ-S 8 ): 1.92 g/cm 3",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#edda09",
    "description": "Sulfur(American spellingand thepreferred IUPAC name) orsulphur(Commonwealth spelling)is achemical element; it hassymbolSandatomic number16. It isabundant,multivalentandnonmetallic. Undernormal conditions, sulfur atoms formcyclic octatomic moleculeswith the chemical formulaS8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow,crystallinesolid atroom temperature.\n\nSulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common onEarth. Though sometimes found in pure,nativeform, sulfur on Earth usually occurs assulfideandsulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses inancient India,ancient Greece,China, andancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also calledbrimstone,which means \"burning stone\".Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants fromnatural gasandpetroleum.The greatest commercial use of the element is the production ofsulfuric acidfor sulfate and phosphatefertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used inmatches,insecticides, andfungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas,skunkscent,bad breath,grapefruit, andgarlicare due toorganosulfurcompounds.Hydrogen sulfidegives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.\n\nSulfur is anessential elementfor all life, almost always in the form oforganosulfur compoundsormetal sulfides.Amino acids(twoproteinogenic:cysteineandmethionine, and many othernon-coded:cystine,taurine, etc.) and two vitamins (biotinandthiamine) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Manycofactorsalso contain sulfur, includingglutathione, andiron–sulfur proteins.Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) proteinkeratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed forbiochemicalfunctioning and is an elementalmacronutrientfor all living organisms.",
    "history": "32S is created inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5 billion K, by thefusionof one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium.As this nuclear reaction is part of thealpha processthat produces elements in abundance, sulfur is the 10thmost common element in the universe.\n\nSulfur, usually as sulfide, is present in many types ofmeteorites.Ordinary chondritescontain on average 2.1% sulfur, andcarbonaceous chondritesmay contain as much as 6.6%. It is normally present astroilite(FeS), but there are exceptions, with carbonaceous chondrites containing free sulfur, sulfates and other sulfur compounds.The distinctive colors ofJupiter'svolcanicmoonIoare attributed to various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur.In July 2024, elemental sulfur was accidentally discovered to exist onMarsafter theCuriosity roverdrove over and crushed a rock, revealing sulfur crystals inside it.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/960px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur",
    "day_of_year": 53
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 76,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Copper",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 11",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.0",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "8.935 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#b87333",
    "description": "Copperis achemical element; it hassymbolCu(fromLatincuprum) andatomic number29. It is a soft, malleable, andductilemetal with very highthermalandelectrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has apinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as abuilding material, and as a constituent of various metalalloys, such assterling silverused injewelry,cupronickelused to make marine hardware andcoins, andconstantanused instrain gaugesandthermocouplesfor temperature measurement.\n\nCopper is one of the fewnative metals, meaning metals that occur naturally in a directly usable, unalloyed metallic form. This led to very early human use in several regions, fromc.8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to besmeltedfrom sulfide ores,c.5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold,c.4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal,tin, to createbronze,c.3500 BC.\n\nCommonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals asazurite,malachite, andturquoise, and have been used widely and historically as pigments.",
    "history": "The name of the metal derives fromaes cypriummeaning \"metal ofCyprus\" in Latin. InLate Latinthis becamecuprum.Old Englishadopted this asCoperandcopper, first used in the 12th century, derives from that word.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/960px-NatCopper.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper",
    "day_of_year": 54
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 77,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Gold",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 11",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "19.283 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#ffd700",
    "description": "Goldis achemical element; itschemical symbolisAu(fromLatinaurum) andatomic number79. In its pure form, it is abright-metallic-yellow, dense, soft,malleable, andductilemetal. Chemically, gold is atransition metal, agroup 11 element, and one of thenoble metals. It is one of the leastreactivechemical elements, being the second lowest in thereactivity series, with onlyplatinumranked as less reactive.Gold is solid understandard conditions.\n\nGold often occurs as thefree element(native state), asnuggetsor grains, inrocks,veins, andalluvial deposits. It occurs in asolid solutionseries with the native elementsilver(as inelectrum), naturallyalloyedwith other metals such ascopper, platinum, andpalladium, as well asmineral inclusionssuch as withinpyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often withtellurium(gold tellurides).\n\nGold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve inaqua regia(a mixture ofnitric acidandhydrochloric acid), forming a solubletetrachloroaurateanion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver andbase metals, a property long used torefinegold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term \"acid test\". Gold dissolves inalkalinesolutions ofcyanide, which are used inminingandelectroplating. Gold also dissolves inmercury, formingamalgamalloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not achemical reaction.",
    "history": "Goldiscognatewith similar words in manyGermanic languages, deriving viaProto-Germanic*gulþąfromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰelh₃-'to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green'.\n\nThe symbolAuis from theLatinaurum'gold'.The Proto-Indo-European ancestor ofaurumwas*h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning'glow'. This word is derived from the sameroot(Proto-Indo-European*h₂u̯es-'to dawn') as*h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin wordaurora'dawn'.This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications thataurummeant'shining dawn'.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/960px-Gold-crystals.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/79_%28Au_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/960px-79_%28Au_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Beowulf_-_gold.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold",
    "day_of_year": 55
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 78,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Silver",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 11",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "10.503 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#c0c0c0",
    "description": "Silveris achemical element; it hassymbolAg(fromLatinargentum'silver') andatomic number47. A soft, whitish-gray, lustroustransition metal, it exhibits the highestelectrical conductivity,thermal conductivity, andreflectivityof anymetal.Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form (\"native silver\"), as analloywithgoldand other metals, and in minerals such asargentiteandchlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct ofcopper, gold,lead, andzincrefining.\n\nSilver has long been valued as aprecious metal, commonly sold and marketed beside gold andplatinum. Silver metal is used in manybullion coins, sometimesalongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as anative metal. Its purity is typically measured on aper-millebasis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as \"0.940 fine\". As one of the sevenmetals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures. In terms ofscarcity, silver is the most abundant of the big three precious metals,platinum, gold, and silver; among these, platinum is the rarest, with around 139troy ouncesof silver mined for every one of platinum.\n\nOther than incurrencyand as aninvestmentmedium (coinsandbullion), silver is used insolar panels,water filtration,jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term \"silverware\"), inelectrical contactsandconductors, in specialised mirrors, window coatings, incatalysisof chemical reactions, as a colorant instained glass, and in specialised confectionery. Its compounds are used inphotographicandX-rayfilm. Dilute solutions ofsilver nitrateand other silver compounds are used asdisinfectantsand microbiocides (oligodynamic effect), added tobandages, wound-dressings,catheters, and othermedical instruments.",
    "history": "The wordsilverappears inOld Englishin various spellings, such asseolforandsiolfor. It iscognatewithOld High Germansilabar;Gothicsilubr; orOld Norsesilfr, all ultimately deriving fromProto-Germanic*silubra. TheBalto-Slavicwords for silver are rather similar to the Germanic ones (e.g.Russianсеребро[serebró],Polishsrebro,Lithuaniansidãbras), as is theCeltiberianformsilabur. They may have a common Indo-European origin, although their morphology rather suggest a non-Indo-EuropeanWanderwort.Some scholars have thus proposed aPaleo-Hispanicorigin, pointing to theBasqueformzilharras an evidence.\n\nThe chemical symbol Ag is from theLatinword forsilver,argentum(compareAncient Greekἄργυρος,árgyros), from theProto-Indo-Europeanroot *h₂erǵ-(formerly reconstructed as*arǵ-), meaning'white'or'shining'. This was the usual Proto-Indo-European word for the metal, whose reflexes are missing in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg/960px-Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg/960px-Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver",
    "day_of_year": 56
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 79,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Platinum",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 10",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "21.452 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#e5e4e2",
    "description": "Platinumis achemical element; it hassymbolPtandatomic number78. It is adense,malleable,ductile, highly unreactive,precious, silverish-whitetransition metal. Its name originates fromSpanishplatina, adiminutiveofplata\"silver\".\n\nPlatinum is a member of theplatinum groupof elements andgroup 10of theperiodic table of elements. It has six naturally occurringisotopes. It is one of therarer elements in Earth's crust, with an average abundance of approximately 5μg/kg.It occurs in somenickelandcopperores along with somenativedeposits.: 779Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, barely a few hundred metrictonnesare produced annually, and given its critical and important uses, it is highly valuable as well as a majorprecious metal commodity.\n\nPlatinum does notcorrode, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered anoble metal. Consequently, platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum. Because it occurs naturally in thealluvial sandsof various rivers, it was first used bypre-ColumbianSouth American nativesto produce artifacts. It was referenced in European writings as early as the 16th century, but it was not untilAntonio de Ulloapublished a report on a new metal ofColombianorigin in 1748 that it began to be understood by scientists.",
    "history": "Platinum is an extremely rare metal onEarth,occurring at a concentration of only 0.005ppminEarth's crust.Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and asalloywith the other platinum-group metals mostly. Most often native platinum is found in secondary deposits amongalluvialdeposits. The alluvial deposits used bypre-Columbianpeople in theChocó Department,Colombiaare still a source for platinum-group metals. Another large alluvial deposit is in theUral Mountains, Russia, and it is still mined.\n\nInnickelandcopperdeposits, platinum-group metals occur assulfides(e.g.,(Pt,Pd)S),tellurides(e.g.,PtBiTe),antimonides(PdSb), andarsenides(e.g.PtAs2), and as end alloys with nickel or copper. Platinum arsenide,sperrylite(PtAs2), is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in theSudbury Basindeposit inOntario,Canada. AtPlatinum, Alaska, about 17,000 kg (550,000 ozt) was mined between 1927 and 1975. The mine ceased operations in 1990.The raresulfide mineralcooperite,(Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along withpalladiumand nickel. Cooperite occurs in theMerensky Reefwithin theBushveld complex,Gauteng,South Africa.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png/960px-Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
    "day_of_year": 57
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 80,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Bismuth",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 15 (pnictogens)",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.25",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "9.807 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#969696",
    "description": "Bismuthis achemical element; it hassymbolBiandatomic number83. It is apost-transition metaland one of thepnictogens, with chemical properties resembling its lightergroup 15siblingsarsenicandantimony. Elemental bismuth occurs naturally, and itssulfideandoxideforms are important commercialores. Thefree elementis 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery-white color when freshly produced.Surface oxidationgenerally gives samples of the metal a somewhat rosy cast. Further oxidation under heat can give bismuth a vividlyiridescentappearance due tothin-film interference. Bismuth is both the mostdiamagneticelement and one of the leastthermally conductivemetals known.\n\nBismuth was formerly understood to be the element with the highest atomic mass whose nuclei do not spontaneously decay, but in 2003, it was found to be very slightlyradioactive. The metal's onlyprimordial isotope,bismuth-209, undergoesalpha decaywith ahalf-liferoughly a billion times longer than the estimatedage of the universe.\n\nBismuth metal has been known since ancient times. Before modern analytical methods, bismuth's metallurgical similarities to lead andtinoften led it to be confused with those metals. The etymology of \"bismuth\" is uncertain. The name may come from mid-16th-centuryneo-Latintranslations of the German wordsweiße MasseorWismuth, meaning \"white mass\", which were rendered asbisemutumorbisemutium.",
    "history": "Bismuth was one of the first 10 metals to have been discovered. The name \"bismuth\" dates to around 1665 and is of uncertain etymology. The name possibly comes from GermanBismuth,Wismut,Wissmuth(early 16th century), perhaps related toOld High Germanhwiz(\"white\").TheNeo-Latinbisemutium(coined byGeorgius Agricola, who Latinized many German mining and technical words) is from the GermanWismuth, itself perhaps fromweiße Masse, meaning \"white mass\".\n\nThe element was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. Because bismuth has been known since ancient times, no one person is credited with its discovery.Agricola(1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties.Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the nametectum argenti,or \"silver being made\" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth.Bismuth was also known to theIncasand used (along with the usual copper and tin) in a specialbronze alloyfor knives.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/960px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bismite.jpg/960px-Bismite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth",
    "day_of_year": 58
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 81,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Antimony",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 15 (pnictogens)",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.0",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "6.694 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#7b8c8a",
    "description": "Antimonyis achemical elementwith thesymbolSb(fromLatinstibium) andatomic number51. A lustrous grey metal ormetalloid, it occurs in nature mainly in the form of thesulfide mineralstibnite(Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic namekohl.\n\nChina is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from theXikuangshan Minein Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite areroastingfollowed byreduction with carbon, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron.\n\nThe most common applications for metallic antimony are inalloyswith lead andtin, which have improved properties forsolders, bullets, andplain bearings. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates inlead–acid batteries.Antimony trioxideis a prominent additive forhalogen-containingflame retardants. Antimony is used as adopantinsemiconductor devices.",
    "history": "The abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated at 0.2parts per million,comparable tothalliumat 0.5 ppm and silver at 0.07 ppm. It is the 63rd most abundant element in the crust. Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in more than 100 mineral species.Antimony is sometimes found natively (e.g. onAntimony Peak), but more frequently it is found in the sulfidestibnite(Sb2S3) which is the predominant ore mineral.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stibnite.jpg/960px-Stibnite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony",
    "day_of_year": 59
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 82,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Arsenic",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "group 15 (pnictogens)",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "grey: 5.782 g/cm 3 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#808080",
    "description": "Arsenicis achemical element; it has thesymbolAsandatomic number33. It is ametalloidand one of thepnictogens, and therefore shares many properties with itsgroup 15neighborsphosphorusandantimony. Arsenic is notoriouslytoxic. It occurs naturally in manyminerals, usually in combination withsulfurand metals, but also as a pure elementalcrystal. It has variousallotropes, but only the grey form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industry.\n\nThe primary use of arsenic is in alloys of lead (for example, incar batteriesandammunition). Arsenic is also a common n-typedopantinsemiconductorelectronic devices, and a component of the III–Vcompound semiconductorgallium arsenide. Arsenic and its compounds, especially the trioxide, are used in the production ofpesticides, treated wood products,herbicides, andinsecticides. These applications are declining with the increasing recognition of the persistent toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.\n\nArsenic has been known since ancient times to be poisonous to humans.However, a few species of bacteria are able to use arsenic compounds as respiratorymetabolites. Trace quantities of arsenic have been proposed to be an essentialdietary elementin rats, hamsters, goats, and chickens. Research has not been conducted to determine whether small amounts of arsenic may play a role in human metabolism.However,arsenic poisoningoccurs in multicellular life if quantities are larger than needed.Arsenic contamination of groundwateris a problem that affects millions of people across the world.",
    "history": "Arsenic is the 53rd most abundant element in theEarth's crust, comprising about 1.5parts per million(0.00015%).Typical background concentrations of arsenic do not exceed 3 ng/m3in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; 400 μg/kg in vegetation; 10 μg/L in freshwater and 1.5 μg/L in seawater.Arsenic is the 22nd most abundant element in seawaterand ranks 41st in abundance in the universe.[unreliable source?]\n\nMinerals with the formula MAsS and MAs2(M =Fe,Ni,Co) are the dominant commercial sources of arsenic, together withrealgar(an arsenic sulfide mineral) and native (elemental) arsenic. An illustrative mineral isarsenopyrite(FeAsS), which is structurally related toiron pyrite. Many minor As-containing minerals are known. Arsenic also occurs in various organic forms in the environment.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Native_arsenic.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic",
    "day_of_year": 60
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 83,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Graphite",
    "formula": "C",
    "category": "Native mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal or Rhombohedral",
    "mohs_hardness": "1–2",
    "luster": "Metallic, earthy",
    "streak": "Black",
    "specific_gravity": "1.9–2.3",
    "color_description": "Iron-black to steel-gray; deep blue in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#474747",
    "description": "Graphite(/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is acrystallineallotrope (form) of the elementcarbon. It consists of many stackedlayersofgraphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon understandard conditions.  Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries includingrefractories(50%),lithium-ion batteries(18%),foundries(10%), andlubricants(5%), among others (17%).Graphite converts todiamondunder extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes.\n\nGraphite can occur naturally or be produced synthetically. Natural graphite is obtained from naturally occurring geologic deposits and synthetic graphite is produced through human activity.\n\nGraphite occurs naturally inoresthat can be classified as eitheramorphous(microcrystalline) orcrystalline(flake or lump/chip) which is determined by the oremorphology,crystallinity, andgrain size.All naturally occurring graphite deposits are formed from themetamorphismofcarbonaceoussedimentary rocks, and the ore type is due to its geologic setting.Coalthat has been thermally metamorphosed is the typical source of amorphous graphite. Crystalline flake graphite is mined fromcarbonaceousmetamorphic rocks, while lump or chip graphite is mined from veins which occur in high-grademetamorphicregions.There are serious negative environmental impacts to graphite mining.",
    "history": "Graphite occurs inmetamorphic rocksas a result of thereductionofsedimentarycarbon compounds duringmetamorphism. It also occurs inigneous rocksand inmeteorites.Mineralsassociated with graphite includequartz,calcite,micasandtourmaline. The principal export sources of mined graphite are, in order of tonnage,China,Mexico,Canada,Brazil, andMadagascar.Significant unexploited graphite resources also exist inColombia'sCordillera Centralin the form of graphite-bearingschists.\n\nInmeteorites, graphite occurs withtroiliteandsilicate minerals.Small graphitic crystals inmeteoritic ironare calledcliftonite.Some microscopic grains have distinctiveisotopiccompositions, indicating that they were formed before theSolar System.They are one of about 12 known types of minerals that predate the Solar System and have also been detected inmolecular clouds. These minerals were formed in theejectawhensupernovaeexploded or low to intermediate-sized stars expelled their outer envelopes late in their lives. Graphite may be the second or third oldest mineral in the Universe.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Graphite_ambient_STM.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Graphite-layers-side-3D-balls.png/960px-Graphite-layers-side-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kimmirut_Graphite.jpg/960px-Kimmirut_Graphite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite",
    "day_of_year": 61
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 84,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Corundum",
    "formula": "Al 2 O 3",
    "category": "Oxide mineral – Hematite group",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "9 (defining mineral) [ 2 ]",
    "luster": "Adamantine to vitreous",
    "streak": "Colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.95–4.10",
    "color_description": "Colorless, gray, golden-brown, brown; purple, pink to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet; may be color zoned, asteriated mainly grey and brown",
    "color_hex": "#d9413c",
    "description": "Corundumis acrystallineform ofaluminium oxide(Al2O3) typically containing traces ofiron,titanium,vanadium, andchromium.It is arock-formingmineral. It is a naturallytransparentmaterial, but can have different colors depending on the presence oftransition metalimpurities in its crystalline structure.Corundum has two primarygemvarieties:rubyandsapphire. Rubies are red due to the presence of chromium, and sapphires exhibit a range of colors depending on what transition metal is present.A rare type of sapphire,padparadschasapphire, is pink-orange.\n\nThe name \"corundum\" is derived from theTamil-Dravidianwordkurundam(ruby-sapphire) (appearing inSanskritaskuruvinda).\n\nBecause of corundum's hardness (pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 on theMohs scale), it can scratch almost all other minerals.Emery, a variety of corundum with no value as a gemstone, is commonly used as anabrasiveonsandpaperand on large tools used in machining metals, plastics, and wood. It is a black granular form of corundum, in which the mineral is intimately mixed withmagnetite,hematite, orhercynite.",
    "history": "Corundum occurs as a mineral in micaschist,gneiss, and somemarblesinmetamorphicterranes. It also occurs in low-silicaigneoussyeniteandnepheline syeniteintrusives. Other occurrences are as masses adjacent toultramaficintrusives, associated withlamprophyredikesand as large crystals inpegmatites.It commonly occurs as adetritalmineral in stream and beach sands because of its hardness and resistance to weathering.The largest documented single crystal of corundum measured about 65 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm (26 in × 16 in × 16 in), and weighed 152 kg (335 lb).The record has since been surpassed by certain syntheticboules.\n\nCorundum forabrasivesis mined in Zimbabwe, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, and India. Historically it was mined from deposits associated withdunitesinNorth Carolina, US, and from a nepheline syenite inCraigmont, Ontario.Emery-grade corundum is found on theGreek islandofNaxosand nearPeekskill, New York, US. Abrasive corundum is synthetically manufactured frombauxite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Several_corundum_crystals.jpg/960px-Several_corundum_crystals.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Corindon_azulEZ.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum",
    "day_of_year": 62
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 85,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Spodumene",
    "formula": "lithium aluminium silicate, LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.03–3.23",
    "color_description": "Highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green, may be bicolored; emerald green – hiddenite; lilac – kunzite; yellow – triphane",
    "color_hex": "#d8bfd8",
    "description": "Spodumeneis apyroxenemineralconsisting oflithiumaluminiuminosilicate,LiAl(SiO3)2, and is a commercially important source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish, or lilac kunzite (see below), or alternatively yellowish-green or emerald-greenhiddenite; it takes the form of prismatic crystals, often of great size. Single crystals of 14.3 m (47 ft) in size are reported from theBlack HillsofSouth Dakota, United States.\n\nThe naturally occurring low-temperature form α-spodumene is in themonoclinicsystem, and the high-temperature β-spodumene crystallizes in thetetragonalsystem. α-Spodumene converts to β-spodumene at temperatures above 900 °C.Typically crystals are heavily striated along the principal axis. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings.[not verified in body]\n\nSpodumene was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in thetype localityinUtö,Södermanland,Sweden. It was discovered by Brazilian naturalistJose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The name is derived from theGreekspodumenos(σποδούμενος), meaning \"burnt to ashes\", owing to the opaque ash-grey appearance of material refined for use in industry.",
    "history": "Spodumene was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in thetype localityinUtö,Södermanland,Sweden. It was discovered by Brazilian naturalistJose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The name is derived from theGreekspodumenos(σποδούμενος), meaning \"burnt to ashes\", owing to the opaque ash-grey appearance of material refined for use in industry.\n\nSpodumene occurs in lithium-richgranitepegmatitesandaplites. Associated minerals includequartz,albite,petalite,eucryptite,lepidolite, andberyl.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Spodumene.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene",
    "day_of_year": 63
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 86,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Kunzite",
    "formula": "lithium aluminium silicate, LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.03–3.23",
    "color_description": "Highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green, may be bicolored; emerald green – hiddenite; lilac – kunzite; yellow – triphane",
    "color_hex": "#e6a8d7",
    "description": "Spodumeneis apyroxenemineralconsisting oflithiumaluminiuminosilicate,LiAl(SiO3)2, and is a commercially important source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish, or lilac kunzite (see below), or alternatively yellowish-green or emerald-greenhiddenite; it takes the form of prismatic crystals, often of great size. Single crystals of 14.3 m (47 ft) in size are reported from theBlack HillsofSouth Dakota, United States.\n\nThe naturally occurring low-temperature form α-spodumene is in themonoclinicsystem, and the high-temperature β-spodumene crystallizes in thetetragonalsystem. α-Spodumene converts to β-spodumene at temperatures above 900 °C.Typically crystals are heavily striated along the principal axis. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings.[not verified in body]\n\nSpodumene was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in thetype localityinUtö,Södermanland,Sweden. It was discovered by Brazilian naturalistJose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The name is derived from theGreekspodumenos(σποδούμενος), meaning \"burnt to ashes\", owing to the opaque ash-grey appearance of material refined for use in industry.",
    "history": "Spodumene was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in thetype localityinUtö,Södermanland,Sweden. It was discovered by Brazilian naturalistJose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The name is derived from theGreekspodumenos(σποδούμενος), meaning \"burnt to ashes\", owing to the opaque ash-grey appearance of material refined for use in industry.\n\nSpodumene occurs in lithium-richgranitepegmatitesandaplites. Associated minerals includequartz,albite,petalite,eucryptite,lepidolite, andberyl.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Spodumene.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kunzite_Nouristan.jpg/960px-Kunzite_Nouristan.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunzite",
    "day_of_year": 64
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 87,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hiddenite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#98fb98",
    "description": "Hiddeniteis a pale-to-emerald green variety ofspodumenethat is sometimes used as agemstone.\n\nThe first specimens of the hiddenite variety of spodumene were recovered circa 1879 near the settlement of White Plains, west ofStony Point,Alexander County, North Carolina. According to contemporary accounts, a man named Lackey brought them to the attention of J.A.D. Stephenson, a local merchant who was a collector of minerals. Initially, the yellowish to greenish-yellow hiddenites were thought to be gemmy diopside. Stephenson brought the discovery to the attention of exploration geologist William Earl Hidden, who had been commissioned by Thomas Edison to seek sources of platinum in North Carolina (an effort that was unsuccessful). Hidden sent samples of the odd green material toJ. Lawrence Smith, a prominent chemist and mineralogist inLouisville, Kentucky. Smith correctly identified the specimens as being a variety of spodumene and named them \"hiddenite\" in honor of Hidden. The community in which the gemstones were first found was later renamed \"Hiddenite\". During the heyday of hiddenite mining in the 1880s and 1890s it was also known as \"lithia emerald\".\n\nHidden recognized the value of the emeralds and the potential of the new gemmy green spodumene. He acquired a tract of poor quality land, which was either the site of the initial discovery or near to it, for $1500. The Emerald and Hiddenite Mining Company was organized and excavations on the site recovered loose hiddenites and emeralds in the red, gravelly clay. At a depth of about 26 feet they struck bedrock, and soon were recovering hiddenites from solid rock. Oddly, period newspaper accounts and statements byGeorge Frederick Kunz(1892) indicate that mining on the site was never undertaken as a full-time operation, but was only prosecuted a few weeks or months during the summer.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hiddenite%2C_cleavelandite%2C_quartz_1.jpeg/960px-Hiddenite%2C_cleavelandite%2C_quartz_1.jpeg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddenite",
    "day_of_year": 65
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 88,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chrysoberyl",
    "formula": "BeAl 2 O 4",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "8.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.5–3.84",
    "color_description": "Various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#e8d44d",
    "description": "The mineral orgemstonechrysoberylis analuminateofberylliumwith the formulaBeAl2O4.The name chrysoberyl is derived from theGreekwords χρυσόςchrysosand βήρυλλοςberyllos, meaning \"a gold-white spar\". Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl andberylare two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium. Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on theMohs scale of mineral hardness, betweencorundum(9) andtopaz(8).\n\nAn interesting feature of its crystals are thecyclic twinscalledtrillings. These twinned crystals have ahexagonalappearance, but are the result of a triplet of twins with each \"twin\" oriented at 120° to its neighbors and taking up 120° of the cyclic trilling. If only two of the three possible twin orientations are present, a V-shaped twin results.\n\nOrdinary chrysoberyl is yellowish-green and transparent totranslucent. When the mineral exhibits good pale green to yellow color and is transparent, then it is used as a gemstone. The three main varieties of chrysoberyl are: ordinary yellow-to-green chrysoberyl, cat's eye orcymophane, andalexandrite. Yellow-green chrysoberyl was referred to as \"chrysolite\" during theVictorianand Edwardian eras, which caused confusion since that name has also been used for the mineralolivine(\"peridot\" as a gemstone); that name is no longer used in thegemologicalnomenclature.",
    "history": "Chrysoberyl forms as a result ofpegmatiticprocesses. Melting in theEarth's crustproduces relatively low-density moltenmagmawhich can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into thecrystallizationof solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals. The water extends the temperature range downwards before the magma becomes completely solid, allowing concentration of rare elements to proceed so far that they produce their own distinctive minerals. The resulting rock is igneous in appearance but formed at a low temperature from a water-rich melt, with large crystals of the common minerals such asquartzandfeldspar, but also with elevated concentrations of rare elements such as beryllium,lithium, orniobium, often forming their own minerals; this is called apegmatite. The high water content of the magma made it possible for the crystals to grow quickly, so pegmatite crystals are often quite large, which increases the likelihood of gem specimens forming.\n\nChrysoberyl can also grow in thecountry rocksnear to pegmatites, when Be- and Al-rich fluids from the pegmatite react with surrounding minerals. Hence, it can be found inmicaschistsand in contact with metamorphic deposits ofdolomiticmarble. Because it is a hard, dense mineral that is resistant to chemical alteration, it can be weathered out of rocks and deposited in river sands and gravels in alluvial deposits with other gem minerals such as diamond, corundum, topaz,spinel,garnet, and tourmaline. When found in suchplacers, it will have rounded edges instead of sharp, wedge-shape forms. Much of the chrysoberyl mined inBrazilandSri Lankais recovered from placers, as the host rocks have been intensely weathered and eroded.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chrysoberyl_1.jpg/960px-Chrysoberyl_1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chrysob%C3%A9ryl_var._alexandrite_sous_UV_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/960px-Chrysob%C3%A9ryl_var._alexandrite_sous_UV_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cymophane.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoberyl",
    "day_of_year": 66
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 89,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Nephrite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 (Mg,Fe) 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Inosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "monoclinic [ 1 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0 to 6.5 [ 1 ]",
    "luster": "dull [ 1 ]",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.95 +0.15 −0.05 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Translucent to opaque and often mottled. Light to dark green, yellow to brown, white, gray, black. [ 1 ]",
    "color_hex": "#638b57",
    "description": "Nephriteis a variety of thecalcium,magnesium, and iron-richamphibolemineralstremolite,actinoliteorferro-actinolite(aggregatesof which also make up one form ofasbestos). The chemical formula for nephrite isCa2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.It is one of two different mineral species calledjade. The other mineral species known as jade isjadeite, which is a variety ofpyroxene. While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns, black or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used incarvings,beads, orcabochoncut gemstones. Nephrite is also the official state mineral ofWyoming.\n\nNephrite can be found in a translucent white to very light yellow form which is known in China asmutton fatjade, in an opaque white to very light brown or gray which is known aschicken bonejade,as well as in a variety of green colors. WesternCanadais the principal source of modernlapidarynephrite.Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800Chinaas well as inNew Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts ofNorth America,Neolithic Europe, andsoutheast Asia.\n\nThe namenephriteis derived from Latinlapis nephriticus, which in turn is derived fromAncient Greekλίθοςνεφριτικός(líthos nephritikós) orνεφρόςλίθος (nephrós líthos), which means 'kidney stone' and is the Latin and Greek version of Spanishpiedra de ijada(the origin ofjadeandjadeite).",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg/960px-Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrite",
    "day_of_year": 67
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 90,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Jadeite",
    "formula": "NaAlSi 2 O 6 or Na(Al,Fe 3+ )Si 2 O 6",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Subvitreous, pearly on cleavages",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.24 to 3.43",
    "color_description": "Apple-green, emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, purplish blue, greenish white, white, black, may show green spots, rarely blue or violet; colorless in thin section. Often also banded.",
    "color_hex": "#00a86b",
    "description": "Jadeiteis apyroxenemineral with compositionNaAlSi2O6. It is hard (Mohs hardnessof about 6.5 to 7.0), very tough, and dense, with a specific gravity of about 3.4. It is found in a wide range of colors, but is most often found in shades of green or white. Jadeite is formed only in thesubduction zonesof continental margins, where rock undergoesmetamorphismat high pressure but relatively low temperature.\n\nJadeite is the principal mineral making up the most valuable form ofjade, a precious stone particularly prized in China. Most gem-quality jadeite jade comes from northernMyanmar. Jade tools and implements have been found at Stone Age sites, showing that the mineral has been prized by humans since before the beginning ofwritten history.\n\nThe namejadeiteis derived (viaFrench:jadeandLatin:ilia) from theSpanishphrase \"piedra de ijada\" which means \"stone of the side\". TheLatinversion of the name,lapis nephriticus, is the origin of the termnephrite, which is a different mineral that also shares the common namejade.",
    "history": "Significant occurrences of jadeite are isolated and rare.It is found exclusively in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock of continental margins.Here it may be found as pods or veins or as disseminated grains.Deposits are found inMyanmar, the Alps, Russia,California,Japan,andGuatemala.In theFranciscan Complexof California, jadeite is associated with glaucophane, aragonite, muscovite, lawsonite, and quartz.However, occurrences oflapidaryquality are almost exclusive toMyanmar.Stream boulders of theUyu Riverremain an important source of jadeite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jadeite_%28GeoDIL_number_-_1607%29.jpg/960px-Jadeite_%28GeoDIL_number_-_1607%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Jadeite-stab.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Purple_jade_%28metaphonolite%29_Bursa_Province%2C_northwestern_Turkey.jpg/960px-Purple_jade_%28metaphonolite%29_Bursa_Province%2C_northwestern_Turkey.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeite",
    "day_of_year": 68
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 91,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Serpentine subgroup",
    "formula": "X 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 , with X = Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–6 (original) 3.5–4.0 ( antigorite ) 2.5 ( liza",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky, greasy, waxy",
    "streak": "White, greenish-white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.2–2.9",
    "color_description": "Green, yellowish-green, blueish-gray ( antigorite ) Green, brown, light yellow to white ( lizardite ) Greyish green to white ( chrysotile )",
    "color_hex": "#6b8e23",
    "description": "Serpentine subgroup(part of thekaolinite-serpentinegroupin the category ofphyllosilicates)are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found inserpentinite. They are used as a source ofmagnesiumandasbestos, and as decorative stone.The name comes from the greenish color and smooth or scaly appearance from theLatinserpentinus, meaning \"snake-like\".\n\nSerpentine subgroup is a set of commonrock-forminghydrousmagnesiumironphyllosilicate ((Mg,Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4)minerals, resulting from themetamorphismof the minerals that are contained inmafictoultramafic rocks.They may contain minor amounts of other elements includingchromium,manganese,cobaltornickel. Inmineralogyandgemology, serpentine may refer to any of the 20 varieties belonging to the serpentine subgroup. Owing to admixture, these varieties are not always easy to individualize, and distinctions are not usually made. There are three important mineralpolymorphsof serpentine:antigorite,lizarditeandchrysotile.\n\nSerpentine minerals arepolymorphous, meaning that they have the samechemical formulae, but the atoms are arranged into different structures, orcrystal lattices.Chrysotile, which has afibrous habit, is one polymorph of serpentine and is one of the more importantasbestosminerals. Other polymorphs in the serpentine subgroup may have aplaty habit.Antigoriteandlizarditeare the polymorphs with platy habit.",
    "history": "Serpentine minerals are ubiquitous in many geological systems where hydrothermal alteration of ultramafic rocks is possible, in both terrestrial (oceanic hydrothermalism, subduction zones and transform faulting) and extraterrestrial environments.The process of alteration frommaficminerals to serpentine group minerals is calledserpentinization. Serpentine minerals are often formed by the hydration ofolivine-rich ultramafic rocks at relatively low temperatures (0 to ~600 °C).The chemical reaction turns olivine into serpentine minerals. They may also have their origins inmetamorphicalterations ofperidotiteandpyroxene. Serpentines may alsopseudomorphouslyreplace other magnesium silicates. Incomplete alteration causes the  physical properties of serpentines to vary widely.\n\nAntigorite is thepolymorphof serpentine that most commonly forms during metamorphism of wet ultramafic rocks and is stable at the highest temperatures—to over 600 °C (1,100 °F) at depths of 60 km (37 mi) or so. In contrast, lizardite and chrysotile typically form near the Earth's surface and break down at relatively low temperatures, probably well below 400 °C (800 °F). It has been suggested that chrysotile is never stable relative to either of the other two serpentine polymorphs.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Serpentinite_%28Deer_Lake_Peridotite%2C_late_Neoarchean%3B_Ropes_Gold_Mine%2C_Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan%2C_USA%29_%2816755884589%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Serpentinite_%28East_Dover_Ultramafic_Body%2C_Ordovician%3B_roadcut_east_of_East_Dover%2C_Vermont%2C_USA%29_7.jpg/960px-Serpentinite_%28East_Dover_Ultramafic_Body%2C_Ordovician%3B_roadcut_east_of_East_Dover%2C_Vermont%2C_USA%29_7.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Antigorite-331868.jpg/960px-Antigorite-331868.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup",
    "day_of_year": 69
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 92,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chalcopyrite",
    "formula": "CuFeS 2",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Greenish black",
    "specific_gravity": "4.1–4.3",
    "color_description": "Brass yellow, may have iridescent purplish tarnish.",
    "color_hex": "#b8860b",
    "description": "Chalcopyrite(/ˌkælkəˈpaɪˌraɪt,-koʊ-/KAL-kə-PY-ryte, -⁠koh-) is acopperironsulfide mineraland the most abundantcopper oremineral. It has thechemical formulaCuFeS2and crystallizes in thetetragonalsystem. It has abrassyto golden yellow color and ahardnessof 3.5 to 4 on theMohs scale. Itsstreakis diagnostic as green-tinged black.\n\nOn exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfidesbornite(Cu5FeS4),chalcocite(Cu2S),covellite(CuS),digenite(Cu9S5); carbonates such asmalachiteandazurite, and rarely oxides such ascuprite(Cu2O). It is rarely found in association withnative copper. Chalcopyrite is a conductor of electricity.\n\nCopper can be extracted from chalcopyrite ore using various methods. The two predominant methods arepyrometallurgyandhydrometallurgy, the former being the most commercially viable.",
    "history": "The name chalcopyrite comes from the Greek wordschalkos, which means copper, andpyrites, which means striking fire.It was sometimes historically referred to as \"yellow copper\".",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Chalcopyrite-199453.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chalcopyrite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Chalcopyrite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Chalcopyrite_under_polarized_light.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite",
    "day_of_year": 70
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 93,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Bornite",
    "formula": "Cu 5 FeS 4",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3–3.25",
    "luster": "Metallic if fresh, iridescent tarnish",
    "streak": "Grayish black",
    "specific_gravity": "5.06–5.08",
    "color_description": "Copper red, bronze brown, purple",
    "color_hex": "#8b6914",
    "description": "Bornite, also known aspeacock ore, is asulfide mineralwithchemical compositionCu5FeS4thatcrystallizesin theorthorhombic system(pseudo-cubic). It is an important copper ore.\n\nBornite has a brown to copper-red color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to variousiridescentshades of blue to purple in places. Its striking iridescence gives it the nicknamepeacock copperorpeacock ore.\n\nBornite is an important copper ore mineral and occurs widely inporphyry copper depositsalong with the more commonchalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite and bornite are both typically replaced bychalcociteandcovellitein thesupergeneenrichment zone of copper deposits. Bornite is also found as disseminations inmaficigneous rocks, incontact metamorphicskarndeposits, inpegmatitesand insedimentarycupriferousshales.It is important as anorefor itscoppercontent of about 63 percent by mass.",
    "history": "It occurs globally in copper ores with notable crystal localities inButte, Montanaand atBristol, Connecticutin the U.S. It is also collected from the Carn Brea mine,Illogan, and elsewhere inCornwall, England. Large crystals are found from theFrossnitz Alps, easternTirol, Austria; the Mangula mine,Lomagundi district, Zimbabwe; from the N'ouva mine,Talate, Morocco, the West Coast of Tasmania and inDzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan.There are also traces of it found amongst thehematitein thePilbararegion ofWestern Australia.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Bornite-Quartz-135210.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornite",
    "day_of_year": 71
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 94,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Covellite",
    "formula": "CuS ( copper monosulfide )",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2",
    "luster": "Submetallic, inclining to resinous to dull",
    "streak": "Lead gray",
    "specific_gravity": "4.6–4.8",
    "color_description": "Indigo-blue or darker, commonly highly iridescent, brass-yellow to deep red",
    "color_hex": "#4169e1",
    "description": "Covellite(also known ascovelline) is a rarecopper sulfidemineral with theformulaCuS.This indigo bluemineralis commonly a secondary mineral in limited abundance and although it is not an important ore of copper itself, it is well known to mineral collectors.\n\nThe mineral is generally found in zones of secondary enrichment (supergene) of copper sulfide deposits. Commonly found as coatings onchalcocite,chalcopyrite,bornite,enargite,pyrite, and other sulfides, it often occurs as pseudomorphic replacements of other minerals. The first records are fromMount Vesuvius, formally named in 1832 afterNicola Covelli.\n\nCovellite belongs to the binary copper sulfides group, which has the formulaCuxSyand can have a wide-ranging copper/sulfur ratio, from 1:2 to 2:1 (Cu/S). However, this series is by no means continuous and the homogeneity range of covellite CuS is narrow. Materials rich in sulfurCuSxwhere x~ 1.1- 1.2 do exist, but they exhibit \"superstructures\", a modulation of the hexagonal ground plane of the structure spanning a number of adjacent unit cells.This indicates that several of covellite's special properties are the result of molecular structure at this level.",
    "history": "Covellite's occurrence is widespread around the world, with a significant number of localities inCentral Europe,China,Australia,Western United States, andArgentina.Many are found close toorogenic belts, whereorographic precipitationoften plays a role in weathering. An example of primary mineral formation is in hydrothermal veins at depths of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft) found in Silver Bow County, Montana.As a secondary mineral, covellite also forms as descending surface water in thesupergeneenrichment zone oxidizes and redeposits covellite onhypogenesulfides (pyrite and chalcopyrite) at the same locality.An unusual occurrence of covellite was found replacingorganic debrisin thered bedsofNew Mexico.\n\nNicola Covelli (1790-1829), the discoverer of the mineral, was a professor of botany and chemistry though was interested in geology and volcanology, particularly Mount Vesuvius' eruptions.His studies of its lava led to the discovery of several unknown minerals including covellite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Covellite-252597.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cp--Covellite.jpg/960px-Cp--Covellite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covellite",
    "day_of_year": 72
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 95,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Molybdenite",
    "formula": "Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Common, 2H polytype: hexagonal 3R polytype: trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "1–1.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Bluish gray",
    "specific_gravity": "4.73",
    "color_description": "Black, lead-silvery gray",
    "color_hex": "#6e6e6e",
    "description": "Molybdeniteis amineralofmolybdenum disulfide,MoS2. Similar in appearance and feel tographite, molybdenite has a lubricating effect that is a consequence of its layered structure.  The atomic structure consists of a sheet ofmolybdenumatoms sandwiched between sheets ofsulfuratoms.  The Mo-S bonds are strong, but the interaction between the sulfur atoms at the top and bottom of separate sandwich-like tri-layers is weak, resulting in easy slippage as well ascleavage planes.\nMolybdenite crystallizes in thehexagonal crystal systemas the commonpolytype2H and also in thetrigonalsystem as the 3R polytype.\n\nMolybdenite occurs in high temperaturehydrothermaloredeposits.\nIts associated minerals includepyrite,chalcopyrite,quartz,anhydrite,fluorite, andscheelite.  Important deposits include the disseminated porphyry molybdenum deposits atQuesta, New Mexicoand theHendersonandClimaxmines inColorado. Molybdenite also occurs inporphyry copperdeposits ofArizona,Utah, andMexico.\n\nThe elementrheniumis always present in molybdenite as a substitute for molybdenum, usually in the parts per million (ppm ) range, but often up to 1–2%. High rhenium content results in a structural variety detectable byX-ray diffractiontechniques.  Molybdenite ores are essentially the only source for rhenium.  The presence of theradioactive isotoperhenium-187 and its daughter isotopeosmium-187 provides a usefulgeochronologicdating technique.",
    "history": "Molybdenite occurs in high temperaturehydrothermaloredeposits.\nIts associated minerals includepyrite,chalcopyrite,quartz,anhydrite,fluorite, andscheelite.  Important deposits include the disseminated porphyry molybdenum deposits atQuesta, New Mexicoand theHendersonandClimaxmines inColorado. Molybdenite also occurs inporphyry copperdeposits ofArizona,Utah, andMexico.\n\nThe elementrheniumis always present in molybdenite as a substitute for molybdenum, usually in the parts per million (ppm ) range, but often up to 1–2%. High rhenium content results in a structural variety detectable byX-ray diffractiontechniques.  Molybdenite ores are essentially the only source for rhenium.  The presence of theradioactive isotoperhenium-187 and its daughter isotopeosmium-187 provides a usefulgeochronologicdating technique.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Molybdenite_quebec2.jpg/960px-Molybdenite_quebec2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenite",
    "day_of_year": 73
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 96,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sphalerite",
    "formula": "(Zn,Fe)S",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Adamantine, resinous, greasy",
    "streak": "brownish white, pale yellow",
    "specific_gravity": "3.9–4.2",
    "color_description": "Light to dark brown, red-brown, yellow, red, green, light blue, black and colourless.",
    "color_hex": "#a0522d",
    "description": "Sphaleriteis asulfide mineralwith thechemical formula(Zn,Fe)S.It is the most important ore ofzinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily insedimentary exhalative,Mississippi-Valley type, andvolcanogenic massive sulfidedeposits. It is found in association withgalena,chalcopyrite,pyrite(and othersulfides),calcite,dolomite,quartz,rhodochrosite, andfluorite.\n\nGerman geologistErnst Friedrich Glockerdiscovered sphalerite in 1847, naming it based on the Greek wordsphaleros, meaning \"deceiving\", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral.\n\nIn addition to zinc, sphalerite is an ore ofcadmium,gallium,germanium, andindium. Miners have been known to refer to sphalerite aszinc blende,black-jack, andruby blende.Marmatiteis an opaque black variety with a high iron content.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sphalerite-barite_%28Cumberland_Mine%2C_Smith_County%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29.jpg/960px-Sphalerite-barite_%28Cumberland_Mine%2C_Smith_County%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sphalerite_on_dolostone_%28Millersville_Quarry%2C_Sandusky_County%2C_Ohio%2C_USA%29.jpg/960px-Sphalerite_on_dolostone_%28Millersville_Quarry%2C_Sandusky_County%2C_Ohio%2C_USA%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Calcite-Sphalerite-elm05b.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite",
    "day_of_year": 74
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 97,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Wurtzite",
    "formula": "(Zn,Fe)S",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Resinous, brilliant submetallic on crystal faces",
    "streak": "light brown",
    "specific_gravity": "4.09 measured, 4.10 calculated",
    "color_description": "Brownish black, orange brown, reddish brown, black",
    "color_hex": "#8b4513",
    "description": "Wurtziteis azincandironsulfide mineralwith the chemical formula(Zn,Fe)S, a less frequently encounteredstructural polymorphform ofsphalerite. The iron content is variable up to eight percent.It is trimorphous withmatraiteand sphalerite.\n\nIt occurs inhydrothermaldeposits associated with sphalerite,pyrite,chalcopyrite,bariteandmarcasite. It also occurs in low-temperatureclay-ironstoneconcretions.\n\nIt was first described in 1861 for an occurrence in the San José Mine,Oruro City,Cercado Province,Oruro Department,Bolivia, and named for French chemistCharles-Adolphe Wurtz.It has widespread distribution. In Europe it is reported fromPříbram,Czech Republic;Hesse,Germany; andLiskeard,Cornwall,England.  In the US it is reported fromLitchfield County, Connecticut; Butte,Silver Bow County, Montana; at Frisco,Beaver County, Utah; and from the Joplin district,Jasper County, Missouri.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wurtzite-245570.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wurtzite.png/960px-Wurtzite.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtzite",
    "day_of_year": 75
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 98,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cassiterite",
    "formula": "SnO 2",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Adamantine to adamantine metallic, splendent; may be greasy on fractures",
    "streak": "White to brownish",
    "specific_gravity": "6.98–7.1",
    "color_description": "Black, brownish black, reddish brown, brown, red, yellow, gray, white; rarely colorless",
    "color_hex": "#5c4033",
    "description": "Cassiteriteis atinoxide mineral,SnO2.  It is generallyopaque, but it is translucent in thin crystals. Itslusterand multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite was the chief tinorethroughoutancient historyand remains the most important source of tin today.\n\nMost sources of cassiterite today are found inalluvialorplacerdeposits containing the weathering-resistant grains. The best sources of primary cassiterite are found in the tin mines ofBolivia, where it is found in crystallisedhydrothermalveins.Rwandahas a nascent cassiterite mining industry. Fighting over cassiterite deposits (particularly inWalikale) is a major cause of the conflict waged in eastern parts of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.This has led to cassiterite being considered aconflict mineral.\n\nCassiterite is a widespread minor constituent ofigneous rocks. The Bolivian veins and the 4500 year old workings ofCornwallandDevon,England, are concentrated in high temperaturequartzveins andpegmatitesassociated withgraniticintrusives. The veins commonly containtourmaline,topaz,fluorite,apatite,wolframite,molybdenite, andarsenopyrite. The mineral occurs extensively inCornwallas surface deposits onBodmin Moor, for example, where there are extensive traces of a hydraulic mining method known asstreaming. The current major tin production comes from placer or alluvial deposits inMalaysia,Thailand,Indonesia, theMaakhirregion ofSomalia, andRussia.Hydraulic miningmethods are used to concentrate mined ore, a process which relies on the highspecific gravityof the SnO2ore, of about 7.0.",
    "history": "Most sources of cassiterite today are found inalluvialorplacerdeposits containing the weathering-resistant grains. The best sources of primary cassiterite are found in the tin mines ofBolivia, where it is found in crystallisedhydrothermalveins.Rwandahas a nascent cassiterite mining industry. Fighting over cassiterite deposits (particularly inWalikale) is a major cause of the conflict waged in eastern parts of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.This has led to cassiterite being considered aconflict mineral.\n\nCassiterite is a widespread minor constituent ofigneous rocks. The Bolivian veins and the 4500 year old workings ofCornwallandDevon,England, are concentrated in high temperaturequartzveins andpegmatitesassociated withgraniticintrusives. The veins commonly containtourmaline,topaz,fluorite,apatite,wolframite,molybdenite, andarsenopyrite. The mineral occurs extensively inCornwallas surface deposits onBodmin Moor, for example, where there are extensive traces of a hydraulic mining method known asstreaming. The current major tin production comes from placer or alluvial deposits inMalaysia,Thailand,Indonesia, theMaakhirregion ofSomalia, andRussia.Hydraulic miningmethods are used to concentrate mined ore, a process which relies on the highspecific gravityof the SnO2ore, of about 7.0.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cassiterite.jpg/960px-Cassiterite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite",
    "day_of_year": 76
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 99,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rutile",
    "formula": "Ti O 2",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0–6.5",
    "luster": "Adamantine to metallic",
    "streak": "Bright red to dark red",
    "specific_gravity": "4.23 increasing with Nb–Ta content",
    "color_description": "Brown, reddish brown, blood red, red, brownish yellow, pale yellow, yellow, pale blue, violet, rarely grass-green, grayish black; black if high in Nb–Ta",
    "color_hex": "#b22222",
    "description": "Rutileis anoxide mineralcomposed oftitanium dioxide(TiO2), the most common natural form of TiO2. Rarerpolymorphsof TiO2are known, includinganatase,akaogiite, andbrookite.\n\nRutile has one of the highestrefractive indicesatvisible wavelengthsof any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly largebirefringenceand highdispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements, especiallypolarizationoptics, for longervisibleandinfrared wavelengthsup to about 4.5 micrometres. Natural rutile may contain up to 10%ironand significant amounts ofniobiumandtantalum.\n\nRutile derives its name from the Latinrutilus('red'), in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile was first described in 1803 byAbraham Gottlob Wernerusing specimens obtained in Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Madrid (Spain),which is consequently thetype locality.",
    "history": "Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressuremetamorphic rocksand inigneous rocks.\n\nThermodynamically, rutile is the most stable polymorph of TiO2at all temperatures, exhibiting lower totalfree energythanmetastablephases of anatase or brookite.Consequently, the transformation of the metastable TiO2polymorphs to rutile is irreversible. As it has the lowestmolecular volumeof the three main polymorphs, it is generally the primary titanium-bearing phase in most high-pressure metamorphic rocks, chieflyeclogites.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Rutile-ww7a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile",
    "day_of_year": 77
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 100,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Anatase",
    "formula": "TiO 2",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Adamantine to splendent, metallic",
    "streak": "Pale yellowish white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.79–3.97",
    "color_description": "Black, reddish to yellowish brown, dark blue, gray",
    "color_hex": "#4682b4",
    "description": "Anataseis ametastablemineralform oftitanium dioxide(TiO2) with atetragonalcrystal structure.  Although colorless or white when pure, anatase in nature is usually a black solid due to impurities.  Three otherpolymorphs(or mineral forms) of titanium dioxide are known to occur naturally:brookite,akaogiite, andrutile, with rutile being the most common and moststableof the bunch. Anatase is formed at relatively low temperatures and found in minor concentrations inigneousandmetamorphicrocks.Glass coated with a thin film of TiO2showsantifoggingandself-cleaningproperties underultravioletradiation.\n\nAnatase is always found as small, isolated, and sharply developedcrystals, and like rutile, it crystallizes in atetragonal system. Anatase is metastable at all temperatures and pressures, with rutile being the equilibrium polymorph. Nevertheless, anatase is often the first titanium dioxide phase to form in many processes due to its lowersurface energy, with a transformation to rutile taking place at elevated temperatures.Although the degree of symmetry is the same for both anatase and rutile phases, there is no relation between the interfacial angles of the two minerals, except in the prism-zone of 45° and 90°. The commonoctahedralcrystal habitof anatase, with four perfectcleavageplanes, has an angle over its polar edge of 82°9', whereas rutile octahedra only has a polar edge angle of 56°52½'. The steeper angle gives anatase crystals a longer vertical axis and skinnier appearance than rutile. Additional important differences exist between the physical characters of anatase and rutile. For example, anatase is less hard (5.5–6 vs. 6–6.5 on theMohs scale) and less dense (specific gravityabout 3.9 vs. 4.2) than rutile. Anatase is alsooptically negative, whereas rutile is optically positive. Anatase has a more stronglyadamantineormetallic-adamantinelusterthan that of rutile as well.\n\nThe modern name was introduced byRené Just Haüyin 1801, but the mineral was known and described before. It derives fromAncient Greek:ἀνάτασις'stretching out', because the crystals are stretched along an axis compared to other dipyramidal ones.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anatase_Oisans.jpg/960px-Anatase_Oisans.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase",
    "day_of_year": 78
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 101,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Brookite",
    "formula": "TiO 2",
    "category": "Oxide minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 6",
    "luster": "Submetallic",
    "streak": "White, greyish or yellowish",
    "specific_gravity": "4.08 to 4.18",
    "color_description": "Deep red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, brown, or black",
    "color_hex": "#8b5e3b",
    "description": "Brookiteis theorthorhombicvariant oftitanium dioxide(TiO2), which occurs in four known naturalpolymorphicforms (minerals with the same composition but different structure). The other three of these forms areakaogiite(monoclinic),anatase(tetragonal) andrutile(tetragonal).  Brookite is rare compared to anatase and rutile and, like these forms, it exhibitsphotocatalyticactivity.Brookite also has a largercellvolume than either anatase or rutile, with 8 TiO2groups per unit cell, compared with 4 for anatase and 2 for rutile.Iron(Fe),tantalum(Ta) andniobium(Nb) are common impurities in brookite.\n\nBrookite was named in 1825 by French mineralogistArmand LévyforHenry James Brooke(1771–1857), an English crystallographer, mineralogist and wool trader.\n\nArkansiteis a variety of brookite fromMagnet Cove, Arkansas, US. It is also found in theMurun Massifon theOlyokma-Chara Plateauof EasternSiberia, Russia, part of theAldan Shield.",
    "history": "Brookite is an accessory mineral inalpine veinsingneissandschist; it is also a commondetrital mineral.Associated minerals include itspolymorphsanataseandrutile, and alsotitanite,orthoclase,quartz,hematite,calcite,chloriteandmuscovite.\n\nThetype localityis Twll Maen Grisial, Fron Olau,Prenteg,Gwynedd,Wales.In 2004, brookite crystals were found in theKharan, inBalochistan, Pakistan.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Brookite-gem7-07a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite",
    "day_of_year": 79
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 102,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Ilmenite",
    "formula": "Iron(II) titanium oxide, Fe II TiO 3",
    "category": "Oxide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6",
    "luster": "Metallic to submetallic",
    "streak": "Black",
    "specific_gravity": "4.70–4.79",
    "color_description": "Iron-black; gray with a brownish tint in reflected light",
    "color_hex": "#404040",
    "description": "Ilmeniteis a titanium-iron(II)oxide mineralwith the idealized formulaFeTiO3. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid. Ilmenite is the most importantoreoftitaniumand the main source oftitanium dioxide, which is used as whitepigmentin paints, printing inks,fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics.\n\nIlmenite is a heavy (specific gravity 4.7), moderately hard (Mohs hardness5.6 to 6), opaque black mineral with a submetallic luster.It is almost always massive, with thick tabular crystals being quite rare. It shows no discernible cleavage, breaking instead with a conchoidal to uneven fracture.\n\nIlmenite crystallizes in thetrigonalsystem with space groupR3.The ilmenitecrystal structureconsists of an ordered derivative of thecorundumstructure; in corundum all cations are identical but in ilmenite Fe2+and Ti4+ions occupy alternating layers perpendicular to the trigonal c axis.",
    "history": "In 1791,William Gregordiscovered a deposit of black sand in a stream that runs through the valley just south of the village ofManaccan(Cornwall), and identified for the first time titanium as one of the constituents of the main mineral in the sand.Gregor named this mineralmanaccanite.The same mineral was found in theIlmensky Mountains, nearMiass,Russia, and namedilmenite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ilmenite.GIF",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Ilmenite-65675.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ilmenite_and_hematite_under_normal_light.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite",
    "day_of_year": 80
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 103,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Goethite",
    "formula": "α- Fe O ( OH )",
    "category": "oxide minerals hydroxide subgroup",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.0–5.5",
    "luster": "Adamantine to dull",
    "streak": "Brown, brownish yellow to orange yellow",
    "specific_gravity": "3.3–4.3",
    "color_description": "Yellowish to reddish to dark brown or black",
    "color_hex": "#7b6b3a",
    "description": "Goethite(/ˈɡɜːrtaɪt/,USalso/ˈɡoʊθaɪt/) is a mineral of thediasporegroup, consisting ofiron(III) oxide-hydroxide, specifically the α-polymorph. It is found in soil and other low-temperature environments such as sediment. Goethite has been well known since ancient times for its use as apigment(brownochre). Evidence has been found of its use in paint pigment samples taken from thecaves of LascauxinFrance. It was first described in 1806 based on samples found in the Hollertszug Mine inHerdorf,Germany.The mineral was named after theGermanpolymathand poetJohann Wolfgang von Goethe(1749–1832).\n\nGoethite is aniron oxyhydroxidecontainingferriciron. It is the main component ofrustandbog ironore. Goethite's hardness ranges from 5.0 to 5.5 on theMohs Scale, and itsspecific gravityvaries from 3.3 to 4.3. The mineral forms prismatic needle-likecrystals(\"needle ironstone\") but is more typically massive.\n\nFeroxyhyteandlepidocrociteare bothpolymorphsof the iron oxyhydroxide FeO(OH) which are stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's surface. Although they have the same chemical formula as goethite, their different crystalline structures make them distinct minerals.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Goethite_c.png/960px-Goethite_c.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Goethite_b.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History._Goethite._Negaunee%2C_Marquette_Co.%2C_MI_%28DerHexer%29_2012-07-20.jpg/960px-Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History._Goethite._Negaunee%2C_Marquette_Co.%2C_MI_%28DerHexer%29_2012-07-20.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethite",
    "day_of_year": 81
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 104,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Limonite",
    "formula": "FeO(OH)· n H 2 O",
    "category": "Amorphous, mineraloid",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "4–5.5",
    "luster": "Earthy",
    "streak": "Yellowish brown",
    "specific_gravity": "2.9–4.3",
    "color_description": "Various shades of brown and yellow",
    "color_hex": "#9a7b4f",
    "description": "Limonite(/ˈlaɪməˌnaɪt/) is aniron oreconsisting of a mixture ofhydratediron(III) oxide-hydroxidesin varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written asFeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio ofoxidetohydroxidecan vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the three principaliron ores, the others beinghematiteandmagnetite, and has beenminedfor the production ofironsince at least 400 BC.\n\nLimonite is named for theAncient Greekwordλειμών(leimṓn[leː.mɔ̌ːn]), meaning \"wet meadow\", orλίμνη(límnē[lím.nɛː]), meaning \"marshy lake\", as an allusion to its occurrence asbog ironoreinmeadowsandmarshes.In its brown form, it is sometimes calledbrown hematiteorbrown iron ore.\n\nLimonite is relativelydensewith aspecific gravityvarying from 2.7 to 4.3.It is usually medium to dark yellowish brown in color. Thestreakof limonite on an unglazed porcelain plate is always yellowish brown, a character which distinguishes it from hematite with a red streak, or from magnetite with a black streak. Thehardnessis quite variable, ranging from 1 to 5. In thin section it appears as red, yellow, or brown and has a high index of refraction, 2.0–2.4. Limonite minerals are strongly birefringent, but grain sizes are usually too small for this to be detectable.",
    "history": "Limonite was one of the earliest materials used as a pigment by humans, and can be seen in Neolithiccave paintingsandpictographs.\n\nWhile the first iron ore was likelymeteoric iron, and hematite was far easier tosmelt, in Africa, where the first evidence of iron metallurgy occurs,[dubious–discuss]limonite is the most prevalent iron ore. Before smelting, as the ore was heated and the water driven off, more and more of the limonite   was converted to hematite. The ore was then pounded as it was heated above 1250 °C,at which temperature the metallic iron begins sticking together and non-metallic impurities are thrown off as sparks.[dubious–discuss]Complex systems developed, notably in Tanzania, to process limonite.Nonetheless, hematite and magnetite remained the ores of choice when smelting was bybloomeries, and it was only with the development ofblast furnacesin the 1st century BCE in Chinaand about 1150 CE in Europe,that the brown iron ore of limonite could be used to best advantage.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/La_Palma_Limonit.jpg/960px-La_Palma_Limonit.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonite",
    "day_of_year": 82
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 105,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Siderite",
    "formula": "FeCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.75–4.25",
    "luster": "Vitreous, may be silky to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.96",
    "color_description": "Pale yellow to tan, grey, brown, green, red, black and sometimes nearly colorless",
    "color_hex": "#8b7d6b",
    "description": "Sideriteis amineralcomposed ofiron(II) carbonate(FeCO3). Its name comes from theAncient Greekwordσίδηρος(sídēros), meaning \"iron\". A valuableiron ore, it consists of 48%ironand lackssulfurandphosphorus.Zinc,magnesium, andmanganesecommonly substitute for the iron, resulting in the siderite-smithsonite, siderite-magnesite, and siderite-rhodochrositesolid solutionseries.\n\nSiderite hasMohs hardnessof 3.75 to 4.25, aspecific gravityof 3.96, a whitestreakand avitreousorpearly luster. Siderite isantiferromagneticbelow itsNéel temperatureof 37 K (−236 °C) that can assist in its identification.\n\nIt crystallizes in thetrigonal crystal system; crystals arerhombohedralin shape, typically with curved and striated faces. It also occurs in masses. Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Siderite_late_1800s_Redruth.jpg/960px-Siderite_late_1800s_Redruth.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Galena-Quartz-Siderite-oldeuro-56c.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderite",
    "day_of_year": 83
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 106,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Magnesite",
    "formula": "MgCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.0–3.2",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, pale yellow, pale brown, faintly pink, lilac-rose",
    "color_hex": "#ede6d6",
    "description": "Magnesiteis amineralwith the chemical formulaMgCO3(magnesium carbonate).Iron,manganese,cobalt, andnickelmay occur as admixtures, but only in small amounts. Magnesite occurs naturally in bothcryptocrystallineandcrystallineforms depending on the conditions of formation.\n\nMagnesite is used in the production ofmagnesium oxidefor therefractorylining of kilns and furnaces, as well as artistically injewelryandsculpture. Since it may be formed by carbonation of magnesiumserpentine, there have also been efforts to use magnesite forcarbon sequestration.\n\nMagnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product ofultramafic rocks,serpentiniteand other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regionalmetamorphicterrains. These magnesites are oftencryptocrystallineand contain silica in the form ofopalorchert.",
    "history": "Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product ofultramafic rocks,serpentiniteand other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regionalmetamorphicterrains. These magnesites are oftencryptocrystallineand contain silica in the form ofopalorchert.\n\nMagnesite is also present within theregolithabove ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil andsubsoil, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide in groundwaters.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Magnesite-121892.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Two_types_of_magnesite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Isotopic_structure_of_CO2_and_MgCO3.pdf/page1-960px-Isotopic_structure_of_CO2_and_MgCO3.pdf.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite",
    "day_of_year": 84
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 107,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Aragonite",
    "formula": "Ca CO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Vitreous, waxy, resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.94",
    "color_description": "Can come in a variety of colors, but commonly red or white",
    "color_hex": "#faebd7",
    "description": "Aragoniteis acarbonate mineraland one of the three most common naturally occurringcrystal formsofcalcium carbonate(CaCO3), the others beingcalciteandvaterite. It is formed bybiological and physicalprocesses, includingprecipitationfrommarineandfreshwaterenvironments.\n\nThecrystal latticeof aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, anorthorhombic crystal systemwithacicular crystal.Repeatedtwinningresults in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branchinghelictiticforms calledflos-ferri(\"flowers of iron\") from their association with theoresat theCarinthianiron mines.\n\nThetype locationfor aragonite isMolina de Aragónin theProvince of GuadalajarainCastilla-La Mancha,Spain, for which it was named in 1797.Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins insidegypsumand marls of theKeuperfacies of theTriassic.This type of aragonite deposit is very common in Spain, and there are also some in France.",
    "history": "Thetype locationfor aragonite isMolina de Aragónin theProvince of GuadalajarainCastilla-La Mancha,Spain, for which it was named in 1797.Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins insidegypsumand marls of theKeuperfacies of theTriassic.This type of aragonite deposit is very common in Spain, and there are also some in France.\n\nAn aragonite cave, theOchtinská Aragonite Cave, is situated inSlovakia.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aragonite_2_Enguidanos.jpg/960px-Aragonite_2_Enguidanos.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aragonite_crystal_-_Los_Molinillos%2C_Ceunca%2C_Spain_-_4x3.6x3.5cm_100g.jpg/960px-Aragonite_crystal_-_Los_Molinillos%2C_Ceunca%2C_Spain_-_4x3.6x3.5cm_100g.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite",
    "day_of_year": 86
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 108,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Smithsonite",
    "formula": "ZnCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, may be pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.4–4.5",
    "color_description": "White, grey, yellow, green to apple-green, blue, pink, purple, bluish grey, and brown",
    "color_hex": "#7ec8c8",
    "description": "Smithsonite, also known aszinc spar, is the mineral form ofzinc carbonate(ZnCO3). Historically, smithsonite was identified withhemimorphitebefore it was realized that they were two different minerals. The two minerals are very similar in appearance and the termcalaminehas been used for both, leading to some confusion. The distinct mineral smithsonite was named in 1832 byFrançois Sulpice Beudantin honor ofEnglishscientistJames Smithson(c. 1765–1829), who first identified the mineral in 1802.\n\nSmithsonite is a variably coloredtrigonalmineral which only rarely is found in well formed crystals. The typical habit is as earthybotryoidalmasses. It has aMohs hardnessof 4.5 and aspecific gravityof 4.4 to 4.5.\n\nSmithsonite occurs as a secondary mineral in theweatheringoroxidationzone of zinc-bearingoredeposits. It sometimes occurs as replacement bodies incarbonate rocksand as such may constitute zinc ore. It commonly occurs in association with hemimorphite,willemite,hydrozincite,cerussite,malachite,azurite,aurichalciteandanglesite. It forms two limitedsolid solutionseries, with substitution ofmanganeseleading torhodochrosite, and withiron, leading tosiderite.A bright yellow variety is sometimes called \"turkey fat ore\". The cause of the yellow colour is due to the presence ofgreenockiteinclusionswithin the smithsonite crystals.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Smithsonite_4.JPG/960px-Smithsonite_4.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Smithsonite-Willemite-cktsu-23a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonite",
    "day_of_year": 87
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 109,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cerussite",
    "formula": "Lead carbonate: PbCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3 to 3.5",
    "luster": "Adamantine, vitreous, resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "6.53–6.57",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, gray, blue, or green",
    "color_hex": "#c8c8c0",
    "description": "Cerussite(also known aslead carbonateorwhite lead ore) is amineralconsisting oflead carbonatewith the chemical formula PbCO3, and is an importantoreof lead. The name is from theLatincerussa,white lead.Cerussa nativawas mentioned byConrad Gessnerin 1565, and in 1832F. S. Beudantapplied the namecéruseto the mineral, whilst the present form, cerussite, is due toW. Haidinger(1845). Miners' names in early use were lead-spar and white-lead-ore.\n\nCerussitecrystallizesin theorthorhombic crystal systemand is isomorphous witharagonite. Like aragonite it is very frequentlytwinned, the compound crystals being pseudo-hexagonal in form. Three crystals are usually twinned together on two faces of the prism, producing six-rayed stellate groups with the individual crystals intercrossing at angles of nearly 60°. Crystals are of frequent occurrence and they usually have very bright and smooth faces. The mineral also occurs in compact granular masses, and sometimes in fibrous forms. The mineral is usually colorless or white, sometimes grey or greenish in tint and varies from transparent to translucent with an adamantine lustre. It is very brittle, and has aconchoidal fracture. It has aMohs hardnessof 3 to 3.75 and aspecific gravityof 6.5. A variety containing 7% of zinc carbonate, replacing lead carbonate, is known as iglesiasite, from Iglesias inSardinia, where it is found.\n\nThe mineral may be readily recognized by its characteristic twinning, in conjunction with the adamantine lustre and high specific gravity. It dissolves with effervescence in dilutenitric acid. Ablowpipe testwill cause it to fuse very readily, and gives indications for lead.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Cerussite09.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerussite",
    "day_of_year": 88
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 110,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Witherite",
    "formula": "BaCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.0–3.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, resinous on fractures",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.3",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, pale gray, with possible tints of pale-yellow, pale-brown, or pale-green",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0d8",
    "description": "Witheriteis abarium carbonatemineral,BaCO3, in thearagonitegroup.Witherite crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem and virtually always istwinned.The mineral is colorless, milky-white, grey, pale-yellow, green, to pale-brown. Thespecific gravityis 4.3, which is high for a translucent mineral.Itfluoresceslight blue under both long- and short-waveUVlight, and isphosphorescentunder short-wave UV light.\n\nWitherite forms in low-temperaturehydrothermalenvironments. It is commonly associated withfluorite,celestine,galena,barite,calcite, andaragonite. Witherite occurrences include:Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, US; Pigeon Roost Mine, Glenwood, Arkansas, US; Settlingstones MineNorthumberland;Alston Moor,Cumbria;Anglezarke,LancashireandBurnhope,County Durham,England;Thunder Bayarea,Ontario,Canada,Germany, andPoland(Tarnowskie GóryandTajnoatSuwałki Region).\n\nWitherite was named afterWilliam Withering(1741–1799) anEnglishphysician and naturalist who in 1784 published his research on the new mineral. He could show that barite and the new mineral were two different minerals.",
    "history": "In 1789 the German geologistAbraham Gottlob Wernernamed the mineral witherite in honour of William Withering.TheMatthew Boultonmineral collection ofBirmingham Museum and Art Gallerymay contain one of the earliest known specimens of witherite. A label in Boulton's handwriting, records: \"No.2 Terra Ponderosa Aerata, given me by Dr. Withering\".",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Witherite-216507.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherite",
    "day_of_year": 89
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 111,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Strontianite",
    "formula": "SrCO 3",
    "category": "Carbonate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "Vitreous, resinous on breaks, greasy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.74 to 3.78 Transparent versions are heavier than the other ones",
    "color_description": "Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green or brown; colourless in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#c8d8c0",
    "description": "Strontianite(SrCO3) is an important raw material for the extraction ofstrontium. It is a rarecarbonate mineraland one of only a few strontium minerals.  It is a member of the aragonite group.\n\nAragonite group members:aragonite(CaCO3),witherite(BaCO3), strontianite (SrCO3),cerussite(PbCO3)\n\nThe ideal formula of strontianite is SrCO3, withmolar mass147.63 g,butcalcium(Ca) can substitute for up to 27% of the strontium (Sr)cations, andbarium(Ba) up to 3.3%.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Strontianite-118172.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Mineraly.sk_-_stroncianit.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontianite",
    "day_of_year": 90
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 112,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Ankerite",
    "formula": "Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO 3 ) 2",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.93–3.10",
    "color_description": "Brown, yellow, white",
    "color_hex": "#c8b890",
    "description": "Ankerite, also known asbrown spar: 258(German:braunspat) is acalcium,iron,magnesium,manganesecarbonate mineralof the group of rhombohedral carbonates with the chemical formulaCa(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2. In composition it is closely related todolomite, but differs from this in having magnesium replaced by varying amounts of iron(II) and manganese. It forms a series with dolomite andkutnohorite.\n\nIt was first recognized as a distinct species byWilhelm von Haidingerin 1825, and named forMatthias Joseph Anker(1771–1843) ofStyria, anAustrianmineralogist.\n\nIn 19th-century mineralogy, as well as in mining and among geologists, ankerite and its close analogues from thedolomiteseries were more often known by the capacious, expansive name of ″brown spar″.: 34This is partly because this mineral is the extreme (with the highest content of divalentironions) member of the dolomite-ankerite isomorphic series, as a result of which dirty-brown varieties of dolomite, contaminated with impurities, could also be encountered under the name ofbrown spar.: 70",
    "history": "It was first recognized as a distinct species byWilhelm von Haidingerin 1825, and named forMatthias Joseph Anker(1771–1843) ofStyria, anAustrianmineralogist.\n\nIn 19th-century mineralogy, as well as in mining and among geologists, ankerite and its close analogues from thedolomiteseries were more often known by the capacious, expansive name of ″brown spar″.: 34This is partly because this mineral is the extreme (with the highest content of divalentironions) member of the dolomite-ankerite isomorphic series, as a result of which dirty-brown varieties of dolomite, contaminated with impurities, could also be encountered under the name ofbrown spar.: 70",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Ankerite%2C_Pyrite_-_Goldmyer_Hot_Springs%2C_King_Co%2C_Washington%2C_USA.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankerite",
    "day_of_year": 91
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 113,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Olivine",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Nesosilicate Olivine group Olivine series",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "colorless or white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.2–4.5 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]",
    "color_description": "Yellow to yellow-green",
    "color_hex": "#9ab973",
    "description": "Themineralolivine(/ˈɒl.ɪˌviːn/) is a magnesium ironsilicatewith the chemical formula(Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It is a type ofnesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth'supper mantle,it is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface, but weathers quickly on the surface. Olivine has many uses, such as thegemstoneperidot(or chrysolite), as well as industrial applications likemetalworkingprocesses.\n\nThe ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the twoendmembersof thesolid solutionseries:forsterite(Mg-endmember:Mg2SiO4) andfayalite(Fe-endmember:Fe2SiO4). Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed asmolarpercentages of forsterite (Fo) and/or fayalite (Fa) (e.g., Fo70Fa30, or just Fo70with Fa30implied). Forsterite's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure, almost 1,900 °C (3,450 °F), while fayalite's is much lower – about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). Melting temperature varies smoothly between the two endmembers, as do other properties. Olivine incorporates only minor amounts of elements other thanoxygen(O),silicon(Si),magnesium(Mg) andiron(Fe).Manganese(Mn) andnickel(Ni) commonly are the additional elements present in highest concentrations.\n\nOlivine gives its name to the group of minerals with a related structure (theolivine group) – which includestephroite(Mn2SiO4),monticellite(CaMgSiO4),larnite(Ca2SiO4) andkirschsteinite(CaFeSiO4) (commonly also spelled kirschteinite).",
    "history": "Mg-rich olivine has also been discovered inmeteorites,on theMoonandMars,falling into infant stars,as well as on asteroid25143 Itokawa.Such meteorites includechondrites, collections of debris from the earlySolar System; andpallasites, mixes of iron-nickel and olivine. The rareA-type asteroidsare suspected to have a surface dominated by olivine.\n\nThespectral signatureof olivine has been seen in the dust disks around young stars. The tails of comets (which formed from the dust disk around the youngSun) often have the spectral signature of olivine, and the presence of olivine was verified in samples of a comet from theStardust spacecraftin 2006.Comet-like (magnesium-rich) olivine has also been detected in theplanetesimalbelt around the starBeta Pictoris.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg/960px-Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Peridot_in_basalt.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg/960px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine",
    "day_of_year": 92
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 114,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Forsterite",
    "formula": "Magnesium silicate ( Mg 2 Si O 4 )",
    "category": "Nesosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.21 – 3.33",
    "color_description": "Colorless, green, yellow, yellow green, white",
    "color_hex": "#96be50",
    "description": "Forsterite(Mg2SiO4; commonly abbreviated asFo; also known as white olivine) is the magnesium-richend-memberof theolivinesolid solutionseries. It isisomorphouswith the iron-rich end-member,fayalite. Forsterite crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem (space groupPbnm) with cell parametersa4.75Å(0.475nm),b10.20 Å (1.020 nm) andc5.98 Å (0.598 nm).\n\nForsterite is associated withigneousandmetamorphic rocksand has also been found inmeteorites. In 2005 it was also found incometarydust returned by theStardust probe.In 2011 it was observed as tiny crystals in the dusty clouds of gas around a forming star.\n\nTwopolymorphsof forsterite are known:wadsleyite(alsoorthorhombic) andringwoodite(isometric,cubic crystal system). Both are mainly known from meteorites.",
    "history": "Forsterite-rich olivine is the most abundant mineral in themantleabove a depth of about 400 km (250 mi);pyroxenesare also important minerals in this upper part of the mantle.Although pure forsterite does not occur inigneous rocks,duniteoften contains olivine with forsterite contents at least as Mg-rich asFo92(92% forsterite – 8% fayalite); commonperidotitecontains olivine typically at least as Mg-rich asFo88.Due to its high melting point, olivine crystals are the first minerals to precipitate from a magmatic melt in acumulateprocess, often with orthopyroxenes. Forsterite-rich olivine is a common crystallization product of mantle-derivedmagma. Olivine inmaficandultramaficrocks typically is rich in the forsterite end-member.\n\nForsterite also occurs in dolomiticmarblewhich results from the metamorphism of high magnesiumlimestonesanddolomites.Nearly pure forsterite occurs in somemetamorphosedserpentinites. Fayalite-rich olivine is much less common. Nearly pure fayalite is a minor constituent in somegranite-like rocks, and it is a major constituent of some metamorphicbanded iron formations.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Forsterite_on_Sanidine_-_Ochtendung%2C_Eifel%2C_Germany.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite",
    "day_of_year": 93
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 115,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Fayalite",
    "formula": "Fe 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous on fractures",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.392",
    "color_description": "Greenish yellow, yellow-brown, brown; pale yellow to amber in thin section",
    "color_hex": "#6b5c3e",
    "description": "Fayalite(Fe2SiO4, commonly abbreviated toFa) is theiron-richend-memberof theolivinesolid-solutionseries. In common with all minerals in theolivine group, fayalite crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem (space groupPbnm) with cell parametersa= 4.82 Å,b= 10.48 Å andc= 6.09 Å.\n\nFayalite forms solid solution series with the magnesium olivine endmemberforsterite(Mg2SiO4) and also with themanganeserich olivine endmembertephroite(Mn2SiO4).\n\nIron rich olivine is a relatively common constituent of acidic andalkalineigneousrocks such as volcanicobsidians,rhyolites,trachytesandphonolitesandplutonicquartzsyeniteswhere it is associated withamphiboles.   Its main occurrence is inultramaficvolcanicandplutonicrocks and less commonly infelsicplutonic rocks and rarely ingranitepegmatite. It also occurs inlithophysaeinobsidian.  It also occurs in medium-grade thermallymetamorphosediron-rich sediments and in impure carbonate rocks.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Fayalite_crystal_group_-_Ochtendung%2C_Eifel%2C_Germany.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite",
    "day_of_year": 94
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 116,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Augite",
    "formula": "(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al) 2 O 6",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5 to 6",
    "luster": "Vitreous, resinous to dull",
    "streak": "Greenish-white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.19–3.56",
    "color_description": "Black, brown, greenish, violet-brown; in thin section, colorless to gray with zoning common",
    "color_hex": "#2e4032",
    "description": "Augite, also known asAugurite, is a common rock-formingpyroxenemineralwith formula(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6. Thecrystalsaremonoclinicandprismatic. Augite has two prominent cleavages, meeting at angles near 90 degrees.\n\nAugite is asolid solutionin thepyroxenegroup.Diopsideandhedenbergiteare important endmembers in augite, but augite can also contain significantaluminium,titanium, andsodiumand other elements. The calcium content of augite is limited by amiscibility gapbetween it andpigeoniteandorthopyroxene: when occurring with either of these other pyroxenes, the calcium content of augite is a function of temperature and pressure, but mostly of temperature, and so can be useful in reconstructing temperature histories of rocks. With declining temperature, augite may exsolve lamellae of pigeonite and/or orthopyroxene. There is also a miscibility gap between augite andomphacite, but this gap occurs at higher temperatures. There are no industrial or economic uses for this mineral.\n\nAugite is an essential mineral inmaficigneous rocks; for example,gabbroandbasaltand common inultramaficrocks. It also occurs in relatively high-temperaturemetamorphic rockssuch as maficgranuliteand metamorphosed iron formations. It commonly occurs in association withorthoclase,sanidine,labradorite,olivine,leucite,amphibolesand other pyroxenes.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Augite_Rwanda.jpg/960px-Augite_Rwanda.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Augite-54563.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augite",
    "day_of_year": 95
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 117,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Diopside",
    "formula": "MgCaSi 2 O 6",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.278",
    "color_description": "Commonly light to dark green; may be blue, brown, colorless, white to snow white, grey, pale violet",
    "color_hex": "#507856",
    "description": "Diopsideis a monoclinic pyroxenemineralwith compositionMgCaSi2O6.  It forms complete solid solution series withhedenbergite(FeCaSi2O6) andaugite, and partial solid solutions withorthopyroxeneandpigeonite. It forms variably colored, but typically dull green crystals in themonoclinicprismatic class. It has two distinct prismatic cleavages at 87 and 93° typical of thepyroxeneseries. It has aMohs hardnessof six, aVickers hardnessof 7.7 GPa at a load of 0.98 N,and aspecific gravityof 3.25 to 3.55. It is transparent to translucent withindices of refractionof nα=1.663–1.699, nβ=1.671–1.705, and nγ=1.693–1.728. The optic angle is 58° to 63°.\n\nDiopside is found inultramafic(kimberliteandperidotite)igneousrocks, and diopside-rich augite is common inmaficrocks, such as olivinebasaltandandesite. Diopside is also found in a variety ofmetamorphicrocks, such as in contact metamorphosedskarnsdeveloped from high silicadolomites. It is an important mineral in theEarth'smantleand is common in peridotitexenolithserupted in kimberlite and alkali basalt.\n\nDiopside is a precursor ofchrysotile(whiteasbestos) byhydrothermal alterationandmagmatic differentiation;it can react with hydrous solutions ofmagnesiumandchlorineto yield chrysotile by heating.Somevermiculitedeposits, most notably those inLibby, Montana, are contaminated with chrysotile (as well as other forms of asbestos) that formed from diopside.",
    "history": "Diopside is a precursor ofchrysotile(whiteasbestos) byhydrothermal alterationandmagmatic differentiation;it can react with hydrous solutions ofmagnesiumandchlorineto yield chrysotile by heating.Somevermiculitedeposits, most notably those inLibby, Montana, are contaminated with chrysotile (as well as other forms of asbestos) that formed from diopside.\n\nAt relatively high temperatures, there is amiscibility gapbetween diopside andpigeonite, and at lower temperatures, between diopside andorthopyroxene. Thecalcium/(calcium+magnesium+iron) ratio in diopside that formed with one of these other two pyroxenes is particularly sensitive to temperature above 900 °C, and compositions of diopside inperidotitexenoliths have been important in reconstructions of temperatures in theEarth's mantle.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diopside_Aoste.jpg/960px-Diopside_Aoste.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Diopside-225169.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Diopside-177506.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diopside_Baicheng_China.jpg/960px-Diopside_Baicheng_China.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopside",
    "day_of_year": 96
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 118,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Enstatite",
    "formula": "MgSiO 3",
    "category": "Inosilicate minerals (single chain)",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 to 6",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage",
    "streak": "Gray",
    "specific_gravity": "3.2–3.3",
    "color_description": "White, grey, green, yellow or brown - colorless in thin section.",
    "color_hex": "#908870",
    "description": "Enstatiteis a mineral; the magnesium endmember of thepyroxenesilicate mineralseries enstatite (MgSiO3) – ferrosilite  (FeSiO3). The magnesium rich members of thesolid solutionseries are common rock-formingmineralsfound inigneousandmetamorphicrocks. The intermediate composition,(Mg,Fe)SiO3, has historically been known ashypersthene, although this name has been formally abandoned and replaced by orthopyroxene. When determinedpetrographicallyor chemically the composition is given as relative proportions of enstatite (En) and ferrosilite (Fs) (e.g., En80Fs20).\n\nMost naturalcrystalsareorthorhombic(space groupPbca) although threepolymorphsare known.  The high temperature, low pressure polymorphs are protoenstatite and protoferrosilite (also orthorhombic, space group Pbcn) while the low temperature forms, clinoenstatite and clinoferrosilite, aremonoclinic(space group P21/c).\n\nWeatheredenstatite with a small amount of iron takes on a submetalliclusterand a bronze-like color.  This material is termedbronzite, although it is more correctly called altered enstatite.",
    "history": "Isolated crystals are rare, but orthopyroxene is an essential constituent of various types ofigneous rocksandmetamorphic rocks. Magnesian orthopyroxene occurs inplutonicrocks such asgabbro(norite) anddiorite. It may form small idiomorphic phenocrysts and also groundmass grains in volcanic rocks such asbasalt,andesite, anddacite.\n\nEnstatite, close to En90Fs10in composition, is an essential mineral in typicalperidotiteandpyroxeniteof theEarth's mantle.Xenolithsof peridotite are common inkimberliteand in some basalt. Measurements of thecalcium,aluminum, andchromiumcontents of enstatite in these xenoliths have been crucial in reconstructing the depths from which the xenoliths were plucked by the ascending magmas.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Enstatite-202036.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Enstatite-83152.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Enstatite-pas-146b.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstatite",
    "day_of_year": 97
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 119,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hypersthene",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe)SiO 3",
    "category": "Inosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "Greyish white, greenish",
    "specific_gravity": "3.4–3.9",
    "color_description": "Gray, brown, or green",
    "color_hex": "#5b5e4e",
    "description": "Hyperstheneis a common rock-forminginosilicatemineral belonging to the group oforthorhombicpyroxenes.Its chemical formula is(Mg,Fe)SiO3. It is found inigneousand somemetamorphic rocksas well as in stony and ironmeteorites. Many references have formally abandoned this term, preferring to categorise this mineral asenstatiteorferrosilite. It forms asolid solutionseries with themineralsenstatite and ferrosilite, being a mid-way member between the two. Pure enstatite contains no iron, while pure ferrosilite contains no magnesium; hypersthene is the name given to the mineral when a significant amount of both elements are present. Enstatite is stable at atmospheric pressure, but ferrosilite is stable only at elevated pressure, decomposing intoquartzandfayaliteat atmospheric pressure unless stabilized by magnesium or other impurities.\n\nDistinctly developedcrystalsare rare, the mineral being usually found as foliated masses embedded in the igneous rocksnoriteand hypersthene-andesite, of which it forms an essential constituent.The coarse-grainedlabradorite-hypersthene-rock (norite) ofPaul's Islandoff the coast ofLabradorhas furnished the most typical material; for this reason, the mineral has been known as Labradorhornblendeor paulite.\n\nColor is often gray, brown, or green, and thelusteris usually vitreous to pearly. Thepleochroismis strong, thehardnessis 5–6, and thespecific gravityis 3.4–3.9. On certain surfaces it displays a brilliant copper-red metallic sheen, or schiller, which has the same origin as the bronzy sheen ofbronzite, but is even more pronounced. Like bronzite, it is sometimes cut and polished as agemstone.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hypersthene_-_USGS_Mineral_Specimens_657.jpg/960px-Hypersthene_-_USGS_Mineral_Specimens_657.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersthene",
    "day_of_year": 98
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 120,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Wollastonite",
    "formula": "Calcium metasilicate, CaSiO 3",
    "category": "Inosilicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic Monoclinic polytype exists",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5 to 5.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.86–3.09",
    "color_description": "White, colorless or gray",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0d8",
    "description": "Wollastoniteis a calciuminosilicatemineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts ofiron,magnesium, andmanganesesubstituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impurelimestoneordolomiteis subjected to high temperature and pressure, which sometimes occurs in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as inskarnsor in contact withmetamorphic rocks. Associatedmineralsincludegarnets,vesuvianite,diopside,tremolite,epidote,plagioclasefeldspar,pyroxeneandcalcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogistWilliam Hyde Wollaston(1766–1828).\n\nDespite its chemical similarity to the compositional spectrum of the pyroxene group of minerals—where magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) substitution for calcium ends withdiopsideandhedenbergiterespectively—it is structurally very different, with a thirdSiO4−4tetrahedronin the linked chain (as opposed to two in the pyroxenes).\n\nEstimated world production of crude wollastonite ore was 1,200,000tonnesin 2021. World reserves of wollastonite are estimated to exceed 100 million tonnes, though some existing deposits have not been surveyed.",
    "history": "Wollastonite usually occurs as a common constituent of a thermally metamorphosed impurelimestone, it also could occur when thesiliconis due tometamorphismin contact altered calcareous sediments, or to contamination in the invadingigneous rock. In most of these occurrences it is the result of the following reaction betweencalciteandsilicawith the loss ofcarbon dioxide:\n\nWollastonite may also be produced in adiffusionreaction inskarn, it develops whenlimestonewithin asandstoneis metamorphosed by adike, which results in the formation of wollastonite in the sandstone as a result of outward migration of Ca.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/WollastoniteUSGOV.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2005wollastonite.PNG/960px-2005wollastonite.PNG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wollastonite-91985.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WEZUWIAN_WOLLASTONIT_ANDRADYT_2.jpg/960px-WEZUWIAN_WOLLASTONIT_ANDRADYT_2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite",
    "day_of_year": 99
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 121,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tremolite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 (Mg 5.0-4.5 Fe 2+ 0.0-0.5 )Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Inosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous and silky",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.99–3.03",
    "color_description": "White, gray, lavender to pink, light green, light yellow",
    "color_hex": "#e0e8d8",
    "description": "Tremoliteis a member of theamphibolegroup ofsilicate mineralswith composition Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2. Tremolite forms bymetamorphismof sediments rich indolomiteandquartz, and occurs in two distinct forms, crystals and fibers. Tremolite forms a series withactinoliteandferro-actinolite. Puremagnesiumtremolite is creamy-white, but the color grades to dark green with increasingironcontent. It has a hardness onMohs scaleof 5 to 6.Nephrite, one of the two minerals known as the gemstonejade, is a green crystalline variety of tremolite.\n\nThe fibrous form of tremolite is one of the six recognised types ofasbestos. Inhalingasbestiformtremolite can lead toasbestosis,lung cancerand bothpleuralandmalignant mesothelioma. Fibrous tremolite is sometimes found as a contaminant invermiculite,chrysotile(itself a type of asbestos), andtalc.\n\nTremolite is an indicator of metamorphic grade since at high temperatures it converts todiopside.",
    "history": "Tremolite is an indicator of metamorphic grade since at high temperatures it converts todiopside.\n\nTremolite occurs as a result ofcontact metamorphismof calcium- and magnesium-rich siliceoussedimentary rocksand ingreenschist faciesmetamorphic rocks derived fromultramaficor magnesiumcarbonate bearing rocks. Associated minerals includecalcite,dolomite,grossular,wollastonite,talc, diopside,forsterite,cummingtonite,riebeckite, andwinchite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tremolite_Campolungo.jpg/960px-Tremolite_Campolungo.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tr%C3%A9molite-Bar%C3%A8ge.jpg/960px-Tr%C3%A9molite-Bar%C3%A8ge.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Tremolite-121232.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolite",
    "day_of_year": 100
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 122,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Actinolite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 (Mg 4.5-2.5 Fe 2+ 0.5-2.5 ) Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Inosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6",
    "luster": "vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.00 (+0.10, -0.05)",
    "color_description": "pale to dark green, yellowish green, blue and black. White or grey when in asbestos",
    "color_hex": "#2d8b57",
    "description": "Actinoliteis anamphibolesilicate mineralwith the chemical formulaCa2(Mg4.5–2.5Fe2+0.5–2.5)Si8O22(OH)2.\n\nThe nameactinoliteis derived from theGreekwordaktis(ἀκτίς), meaning \"beam\" or \"ray\", because of the mineral's fibrous nature.\n\nActinolite is an intermediate member in asolid-solutionseries between magnesium-richtremolite,Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2, and iron-richferro-actinolite,☐Ca2(Mg2.5-0.0Fe2+2.5-5.0)Si8O22(OH)2. Mg and Feionscan be freely exchanged in thecrystalstructure. Like tremolite,asbestiformactinolite is regulated asasbestos.",
    "history": "The nameactinoliteis derived from theGreekwordaktis(ἀκτίς), meaning \"beam\" or \"ray\", because of the mineral's fibrous nature.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Actinolite_Portugal.jpg/960px-Actinolite_Portugal.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Actinolite-47621.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/960px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinolite",
    "day_of_year": 101
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 123,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hornblende",
    "formula": "Ca 2 (Mg,Fe,Al) 5 (Al,Si) 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "Pale gray, gray-white, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] white, colorless [ 4 ]",
    "specific_gravity": "2.9",
    "color_description": "Black to dark green or brown",
    "color_hex": "#3b4838",
    "description": "Hornblendeis a complexinosilicateseries ofminerals.It is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a darkamphibole. Hornblende minerals are common inigneousandmetamorphic rocks.\n\nThe general formula is(Ca,Na)2−3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH,F)2.\n\nHornblende has ahardnessof 5–6, aspecific gravityof 3.0 to 3.6, and is typically an opaque green, dark green, brown, or black color. It tends to form slender prismatic to bladed crystals, diamond-shaped in cross section, or is present as irregular grains or fibrous masses.",
    "history": "Hornblende is a common constituent of manyigneousandmetamorphic rockssuch asgranite,syenite,diorite,gabbro,basalt,andesite,gneiss, andschist. It crystallizes in preference to pyroxene minerals from cooler magma that is richer in silica and water.\n\nIt is the principal mineral ofamphibolites, which form during medium- to high-grademetamorphismofmafictointermediateigneous rock (igneous rocks with relative low silica content) in the presence of pore water. Much of the pore water comes from the breakdown ofmicasor other hydrous minerals. However, hornblende itself breaks down at very high temperatures.Hornblende alters easily tochlorite,biotite, or other mafic minerals.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Apatite-%28CaOH%29-Hornblende-38354.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Ferrohornblende-4aa53a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Horndio.jpg/960px-Horndio.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Schist_%28Ordovician%3B_Marlboro_West_Route_9_roadcut%2C_Vermont%2C_USA%29_2.jpg/960px-Schist_%28Ordovician%3B_Marlboro_West_Route_9_roadcut%2C_Vermont%2C_USA%29_2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblende",
    "day_of_year": 102
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 124,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Glaucophane",
    "formula": "☐Na 2 (Mg 3 Al 2 )Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Inosilicates Sodic amphibole group",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous – pearly",
    "streak": "Grayish blue",
    "specific_gravity": "3–3.15",
    "color_description": "Gray, navy blue, lavender-blue",
    "color_hex": "#5b6db8",
    "description": "Glaucophaneis amineraland a mineral group belonging to the sodicamphibolesupergroup of the double chaininosilicates, with the chemical formula Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2.\n\nGlaucophane is named for its typical blue color. InGreek,glaucophanemeans \"blue appearing\". As the major mineral component, it is glaucophane's color that gives the \"blueschist\"metamorphic rocktype its name.\n\nThe blue color is very diagnostic for this species. Glaucophane, along with the closely related mineralriebeckite, to which it forms a series with, and their intermediatecrossite, are the only well knownamphibolesthat are commonly blue. Glaucophane forms asolid solutionseries withferroglaucophane(Na2(Fe,Mg)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2). Glaucophane is themagnesium-richendmemberand ferroglaucophane is theiron-rich endmember.",
    "history": "The blueschistmetamorphic faciesgets its name from abundant blue minerals glaucophane andlawsonite. Glaucophane generally forms in blueschist metamorphic rocks of gabbroic or basaltic composition that are rich insodiumand have experienced low temperature-high pressuremetamorphismsuch as would occur along asubductionzone.\n\nThis material has undergone intense pressure and moderate heat as it was subducted downward toward themantle. Glaucophane is also found ineclogitesthat have undergone retrograde metamorphism.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Glaucophane_bleu_de_Groix.jpg/960px-Glaucophane_bleu_de_Groix.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Folded_Glaucophane_Schist_Syros_Greece.jpg/960px-Folded_Glaucophane_Schist_Syros_Greece.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucophane",
    "day_of_year": 103
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 125,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Riebeckite",
    "formula": "Na 2 (Fe 2+ 3 Fe 3+ 2 )Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to silky",
    "streak": "Pale to bluish gray",
    "specific_gravity": "3.28–3.44",
    "color_description": "Black, dark blue; dark blue to yellow-green in thin section",
    "color_hex": "#2f4f4f",
    "description": "Riebeckiteis asodium-rich member of theamphibolegroup ofsilicate minerals, chemical formula Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2. It forms asolid solutionseries with magnesioriebeckite. It crystallizes in themonoclinicsystem, usually as longprismaticcrystalsshowing a diamond-shaped cross section, but also in fibrous, bladed, acicular, columnar, and radiating forms. ItsMohs hardnessis 5.0–6.0, and itsspecific gravityis 3.0–3.4.Cleavageis perfect, two directions in the shape of arhombus; fracture is uneven, splintery. It is often translucent to nearly opaque.\n\nRiebeckite was first described in 1888 for an occurrence onSocotra Island, Aden Governorate,Yemen, and named for German explorerEmil Riebeck(1853–1885).\n\nThe mineral, particularly its fibrous form, is also known ascrocidolite.: 50",
    "history": "Riebeckite was first described in 1888 for an occurrence onSocotra Island, Aden Governorate,Yemen, and named for German explorerEmil Riebeck(1853–1885).\n\nThe mineral, particularly its fibrous form, is also known ascrocidolite.: 50",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crystals_of_black_riebeckite_in_alkaline_pegmatite%2C_near_%C3%89visa_%28Corsica%2C_France%29.jpg/960px-Crystals_of_black_riebeckite_in_alkaline_pegmatite%2C_near_%C3%89visa_%28Corsica%2C_France%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Krokydolith_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn_%287385%29.jpg/960px-Krokydolith_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn_%287385%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riebeckite",
    "day_of_year": 104
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 126,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Muscovite",
    "formula": "KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(F,OH) 2",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2–2.5 parallel to {001} 4 right angle to {001}",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky, pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.76–3",
    "color_description": "White, grey, silvery",
    "color_hex": "#d4c48d",
    "description": "Muscovite(also known ascommon mica,isinglass, orpotash mica) is a hydratedphyllosilicatemineral ofaluminiumandpotassiumwith formula KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2, or (KF)2(Al2O3)3(SiO2)6(H2O). It has a highly perfectbasal cleavageyielding remarkably thin laminae (sheets) which are often highlyelastic. Sheets of muscovite 5 by 3 meters (16.4 ft × 9.8 ft) have been found inNellore, India.\n\nMuscovite has aMohs hardnessof 2–2.25 parallel to the face, 4 perpendicular to the  and aspecific gravityof 2.76–3. It can be colorless or tinted through grays, violet or red, and can be transparent or translucent. It isanisotropicand has highbirefringence. Its crystal system ismonoclinic. The green,chromium-rich variety is calledfuchsite;maripositeis also a chromium-rich type of muscovite.\n\nMuscovite is the most commonmica, found ingranites,pegmatites,gneisses, andschists, and as a contactmetamorphic rockor as a secondarymineralresulting from the alteration oftopaz,feldspar,kyanite, etc. It is characteristic ofperaluminous rock, in which the content of aluminum is relatively high.In pegmatites, it is often found in immense sheets that are commercially valuable. Muscovite is in demand for the manufacture offireproofingand insulating materials and to some extent as alubricant.",
    "history": "The name muscovite comes fromMuscovy-glass, a name given to the mineral inElizabethan Englanddue to its use in medieval Russia (Muscovy) as a cheaper alternative toglassin windows. This usage became widely known in England during the sixteenth century with its first mention appearing in letters byGeorge Turberville, the secretary of England's ambassador to theRussiantsarIvan the Terrible, in 1568.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mica_T.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Mica_dO.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Mica_dOs.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Muscovite_structure_100.jpg/960px-Muscovite_structure_100.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite",
    "day_of_year": 105
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 127,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Biotite",
    "formula": "K(Mg,Fe) 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(F,OH) 2",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–3.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.7–3.3 [ 2 ]",
    "color_description": "Dark brown, greenish-brown, blackish-brown, yellow",
    "color_hex": "#4a3c28",
    "description": "Biotiteis a common group ofphyllosilicatemineralswithin themicagroup, with the approximatechemical formulaK(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2. It is primarily asolid-solutionseries between theiron-endmemberannite,  and themagnesium-endmemberphlogopite; morealuminousend-members includesiderophylliteandeastonite. Biotite was regarded as a mineralspeciesby theInternational Mineralogical Associationuntil 1998, when its status was changed to a mineralgroup.The termbiotiteis still used to describe unanalysed dark micasin the field. Biotite was named byJ.F.L. Hausmannin 1847 in honor of the FrenchphysicistJean-Baptiste Biot, who performed early research into the manyoptical propertiesofmica.\n\nMembers of the biotite group aresheet silicates.Iron,magnesium,aluminium,silicon,oxygen, andhydrogenform sheets that are weakly bound together bypotassiumions. The term \"iron mica\" is sometimes used for iron-rich biotite, but the term also refers to a flaky micaceous form ofhaematite, and the field term Lepidomelane for unanalysed iron-rich Biotite avoids this ambiguity. Biotite is also sometimes called \"black mica\" as opposed to \"white mica\" (muscovite) – both may form in the samerocks, and in some instances side by side.\n\nLike othermicaminerals, biotite has a highly perfectbasal cleavage, and consists of flexible sheets, orlamellae, which easily flake off.  It has amonoclinic crystal system, withtabulartoprismaticcrystals with an obviouspinacoidtermination.  It has four prism faces and two pinacoid faces to form apseudohexagonalcrystal.  Although not easily seen because of the cleavage and sheets, fracture is uneven. It appears greenish to brown or black, and even yellow whenweathered. It can be transparent to opaque, has a vitreous to pearlyluster, and a grey-whitestreak. When biotite crystals are found in large chunks, they are called \"books\" because they resemble books with pages of many sheets. The color of biotite is usually black and the mineral has a hardness of 2.5–3 on theMohs scale of mineral hardness.",
    "history": "Members of the biotite group are found in a wide variety ofigneousandmetamorphic rocks. For instance, biotite occurs in thelavaofMount Vesuviusand in the Monzoni intrusive complex of the westernDolomites. Biotite ingranitetends to be poorer in magnesium than the biotite found in its volcanic equivalent,rhyolite.Biotite is an essentialphenocrystin some varieties oflamprophyre. Biotite is occasionally found in large cleavable crystals, especially inpegmatiteveins, as inNew England,VirginiaandNorth CarolinaUSA. Other notable occurrences includeBancroftandSudbury,OntarioCanada. It is an essential constituent of many metamorphicschists, and it forms in suitable compositions over a wide range ofpressureandtemperature. It has been estimated that biotite comprises up to 7% of the exposed continental crust.\n\nAn igneous rock composed almost entirely of dark mica (biotite or phlogopite) is known as aglimmeriteorbiotitite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Biotite_mica_2_%2831739438210%29.jpg/960px-Biotite_mica_2_%2831739438210%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/BiotitaEZ.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Biotite1.jpg/960px-Biotite1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Muscovite_and_Biotite2a.jpg/960px-Muscovite_and_Biotite2a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotite",
    "day_of_year": 106
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 128,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Phlogopite",
    "formula": "KMg 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(F,OH) 2",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2–2.5",
    "luster": "Pearly, sometimes slightly metallic on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.78–2.85",
    "color_description": "Brown, brownish red, dark brown, yellow, yellowish brown, green, white and gray",
    "color_hex": "#c4a35a",
    "description": "Phlogopiteis a yellow, greenish, or reddish-brown member of themicafamily ofphyllosilicates. It is also known asmagnesiummica.\n\nPhlogopite is the magnesiumendmemberof thebiotitesolid solutionseries, with the chemical formula KMg3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2. Iron substitutes for magnesium in variable amounts leading to the more common biotite with higher iron content. For physical andopticalidentification, it has most of the characteristic properties of biotite.\n\nPhlogopite is an important and relatively common end-member composition of biotite. Phlogopite micas are found primarily in igneous rocks, although it is also common in contactmetamorphicaureoles ofintrusiveigneous rockswith magnesian country rocks and in marble formed from impure dolomite (dolomite with some siliclastic sediment).",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopite",
    "day_of_year": 107
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 129,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Lepidolite",
    "formula": "K(Li,Al) 3 (Al,Si) 4 O 10 (F,OH) 2",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2.5–3",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.8–2.9",
    "color_description": "Pink, light purple, purple, rose-red, violet-gray, yellowish, white, colorless other colors possible but are rare.",
    "color_hex": "#c8a2c8",
    "description": "Lepidoliteis the common name for alilac-gray or rose-colored series of minerals in themicagroup. The mineralogical name for this series is thepolylithionite-trilithionite series.Lepidolite has a chemical formula ofK(Li,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(F,OH)2.It is the most abundantlithium-bearing mineraland is a secondary source of this metal. It is also the major source of thealkali metalrubidium, which substitutes (as in all minerals) forpotassium.\n\nLepidolite is found with other lithium-bearing minerals, such asspodumene, inpegmatitebodies. It has also been found in high-temperature quartz veins,greisensand granite.\n\nLepidolite is aphyllosilicatemineraland a member of the polylithionite-trilithionite series.Lepidolite is part of a three-part series consisting of polylithionite, lepidolite, and trilithionite. All three minerals share similar properties and are caused because of varying ratios of lithium and aluminum in their chemical formulas. The Li:Al ratio varies from 2:1 in polylithionite up to 1.5:1.5 in trilithionite.",
    "history": "Lepidolite is associated with other lithium-bearing minerals likespodumeneinpegmatitebodies.  It is the major source of thealkali metalrubidium.In 1861,Robert BunsenandGustav Kirchhoffextracted 150 kg (330 lb) of lepidolite to yield a few grams of rubidium salts for analysis, and therefore discovered the new element rubidium.\n\nIt occurs ingranitepegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins,greisensand granites. Associated minerals includequartz,feldspar,spodumene,amblygonite,tourmaline,columbite,cassiterite,topazandberyl.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lepidolite-140533.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Lepidolite-208658.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Lepidolite-76774.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Radiating_lepidolite_White_Elephant_Mine_SD.jpg/960px-Radiating_lepidolite_White_Elephant_Mine_SD.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidolite",
    "day_of_year": 108
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 130,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Talc",
    "formula": "Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic or triclinic [ 2 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "1 (defining mineral)",
    "luster": "Waxy or pearly",
    "streak": "White jot to pearl black",
    "specific_gravity": "2.58–2.83",
    "color_description": "Light to dark green , brown, white, grey, colorless",
    "color_hex": "#e8e8e0",
    "description": "Talc, ortalcum, is aclay mineralcomposedofhydratedmagnesiumsilicate, with thechemical formulaMg3Si4O10(OH)2. Talc in powdered form, often combined withcorn starch, is used asbaby powder. This mineral is used as athickening agentandlubricant. It is an ingredient inceramics,paints, androofing material. It is a main ingredient in manycosmetics.It occurs asfoliatedtofibrousmasses, and in an exceptionally rarecrystalform. It has a perfectbasal cleavageand an uneven flat fracture, and it is foliated with a two-dimensionalplatyform.\n\nTheMohs scaleof mineral hardness, based onscratchhardness comparison, defines value 1 as the hardness of talc, the softest mineral. When scraped on astreak plate, talc produces a white streak, though this indicator is of little importance, because most silicate minerals produce a white streak. Talc is translucent to opaque, with colors ranging from whitish grey to green with a vitreous and pearlyluster. Talc is not soluble in water, and is slightly soluble in dilutemineral acids.\n\nSoapstoneis ametamorphic rockcomposed predominantly of talc.",
    "history": "The wordtalcderives fromPersian:تالکtālk. In ancient times, the word was used for various related minerals, including talc,mica, andselenite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mica_T.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Talc_to.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Talc_structure.jpg/960px-Talc_structure.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Talc-177589.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc",
    "day_of_year": 109
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 131,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Kaolinite",
    "formula": "Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 , or in oxide notation: Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ·2H 2 O",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2–2.5",
    "luster": "Pearly to dull earthy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.16–2.68",
    "color_description": "White to cream, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities and pale-yellow; also often stained various hues, tans and browns being common.",
    "color_hex": "#f0e8d8",
    "description": "Kaolinite(/ˈkeɪ.ələˌnaɪt,-lɪ-/KAY-ə-lə-nyte, -⁠lih-; also calledkaolin)is aclay mineral, with the chemical compositionAl2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layeredsilicate mineral, with one \"tetrahedral\" sheet ofsilicatetetrahedra(SiO4) linked to one \"octahedral\" sheet ofaluminateoctahedrons(AlO2(OH)4) throughoxygenatomson one side, and another such sheet throughhydrogen bondson the other side.\n\nKaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white, mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicateclay), produced by the chemical weathering ofaluminium silicateminerals likefeldspar. It has a lowshrink–swell capacityand a lowcation-exchange capacity(1–15 meq/100 g).\n\nRocks that are rich in kaolinite, andhalloysite, are known askaolin(/ˈkeɪ.əlɪn/) orchina clay.In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red byiron oxide, giving it a distinctrusthue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin. Alternating lighter and darker layers are sometimes found, as atProvidence Canyon State Parkin Georgia, United States.",
    "history": "Kaolinite is one of the most common minerals; it is mined, as kaolin, inAustralia,Brazil,Bulgaria,China,Czech Republic,France,Germany,India,Iran,Malaysia,South Africa,South Korea,Spain,Tanzania,Thailand,United Kingdom,United StatesandVietnam.\n\nMantles of kaolinite are common in Western and Northern Europe. The ages of these mantles areMesozoicto Early Cenozoic.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mica_T.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Mica_dO.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg/960px-Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite",
    "day_of_year": 110
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 132,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Montmorillonite",
    "formula": "(Na,Ca) 0.33 (Al,Mg) 2 (Si 4 O 10 )(OH) 2 · n H 2 O",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1–2",
    "luster": "Dull, earthy",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2–3",
    "color_description": "White, pale pink, blue, yellow, red, green",
    "color_hex": "#c8b090",
    "description": "Montmorilloniteis a very softphyllosilicategroup of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopiccrystals, known asclay. It is named afterMontmorilloninFrance. Montmorillonite, a member of thesmectitegroup, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has twotetrahedralsheets ofsilicasandwiching a centraloctahedralsheet ofalumina. The particles are plate-shaped with an average diameter around 1μmand a thickness of 0.96nm; magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope, is required to resolve individual clay particles. Members of this group includesaponite,nontronite,beidellite, andhectorite.\n\nMontmorillonite is a subclass of smectite, a 2:1 phyllosilicate mineral characterized as having greater than 50% octahedral charge; itscation exchange capacityis due to isomorphous substitution of Mg for Al in the central alumina plane. The substitution of lower valence cations in such instances leaves the nearby oxygen atoms with a net negative charge that can attract cations. In contrast, beidellite is smectite with greater than 50% tetrahedral charge originating from isomorphous substitution of Al for Si in the silica sheet.\n\nThe individual crystals of montmorillonite clay are not tightly bound hence water can intervene, causing the clay to swell, hence montmorillonite is a characteristic component ofswelling soil. Thewatercontent of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when it absorbs water. Chemically, it is hydrated sodium calcium aluminium magnesium silicate hydroxide(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O. Potassium, iron, and other cations are common substitutes, and the exact ratio of cations varies with source.  It often occurs intermixed withchlorite,muscovite,illite,cookeite, andkaolinite.",
    "history": "Montmorillonite was first described in 1847 for an occurrence inMontmorillonin the department ofVienne,France,more than 50 years before the discovery ofbentonitein the US. It is found in many locations worldwide and known by other names. Recently, a new source of Montmorillonite has been explored inSulaiman MountainsofPakistan.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Montmorillonite-Quartz-pala48a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite",
    "day_of_year": 111
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 133,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Vermiculite",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ ) 3 [(Al,Si) 4 O 10 ](OH) 2 ·4H 2 O",
    "category": "Phyllosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2",
    "luster": "Greasy or vitreous (pearly at cleavage planes)",
    "streak": "White or yellowish, translucent, shiny, light-brown or greenish in color, in some cases. For example, palabora vermuculite.",
    "specific_gravity": "2.4–2.7 (0.065–0.130 when exfoliated)",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, yellow, green, brown, black",
    "color_hex": "#b89c78",
    "description": "Vermiculiteis ahydrousphyllosilicatemineralwhich undergoes significant expansion when heated.Exfoliationoccurs when the mineral is heated sufficiently; commercial furnaces can routinely produce this effect. Vermiculite forms by theweatheringorhydrothermal alterationofbiotiteorphlogopite.Large commercial vermiculite mines exist in theUnited States,Russia,South Africa,China, andBrazil.\n\nVermiculite was first described in 1824 for an occurrence inMillbury, Massachusetts. Its name is from theLatinvermiculare, \"to breed worms\", for the manner in which itexfoliateswhen heated.\n\nIt typically occurs as an alteration product at the contact betweenfelsicandmaficorultramaficrocks such aspyroxenitesanddunites. It also occurs incarbonatitesandmetamorphosedmagnesium-richlimestone. Associated mineral phases include:corundum,apatite,serpentine, andtalc. It occurs interlayered withchlorite, biotite and phlogopite.",
    "history": "Vermiculite was first described in 1824 for an occurrence inMillbury, Massachusetts. Its name is from theLatinvermiculare, \"to breed worms\", for the manner in which itexfoliateswhen heated.\n\nIt typically occurs as an alteration product at the contact betweenfelsicandmaficorultramaficrocks such aspyroxenitesanddunites. It also occurs incarbonatitesandmetamorphosedmagnesium-richlimestone. Associated mineral phases include:corundum,apatite,serpentine, andtalc. It occurs interlayered withchlorite, biotite and phlogopite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/VermiculiteUSGOV.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Vermiculite-362652.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png/960px-Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite",
    "day_of_year": 112
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 134,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chlorite group",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 3 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ·(Mg,Fe) 3 (OH) 6",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic 2/m; with some triclinic polymorphs.",
    "mohs_hardness": "2–2.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly, dull",
    "streak": "Pale green to grey",
    "specific_gravity": "2.6–3.3",
    "color_description": "Various shades of green; rarely yellow, red, or white.",
    "color_hex": "#6b8f47",
    "description": "Thechloritesare the group ofphyllosilicatemineralscommon in low-grademetamorphic rocksand inalteredigneous rocks.\n\nChlorite minerals do not contain the elementchlorine.  The namechloriteis from theGreekchloros(χλωρός), meaning \"green\", in reference to its color.Greenschist, formed by metamorphism ofbasaltor other low-silica volcanic rock, typically contains significant amounts of chlorite mineral (but not the chlorite ion, nor chlorine in any other form).\n\nChlorite minerals show a wide variety of compositions, in which magnesium, iron, aluminium, and silicon substitute for each other in the crystal structure. A completesolid solutionseries exists between the two most common end members, magnesium-richclinochloreand iron-richchamosite. In addition, manganese, zinc, lithium, and calcium species are known. The great range in composition results in considerable variation in physical, optical, andX-rayproperties. Similarly, the range of chemical composition allows chlorite group minerals to exist over a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions. For this reason chlorite minerals are ubiquitous minerals within low and medium temperature metamorphic rocks, some igneous rocks,hydrothermalrocks and deeply buried sediments.",
    "history": "Chlorite is a common mineral, found in metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks. It is an important rock-forming mineral in low- to medium-grade metamorphic rock formed by metamorphism ofmaficorpeliticrock.It is also common in igneous rocks, usually as a secondary mineral, formed by alteration of mafic minerals such asbiotite,hornblende,pyroxene, orgarnet.The glassy rims ofpillow basalton the ocean floor is often altered to pure chlorite, in part by exchange of chemicals with seawater.The green color of many igneous rocks,slates, andschistsis due to fine particles of chlorite disseminated throughout the rock.Chlorite is a commonweatheringproduct and is widespread inclayand in sedimentary rock containing clay minerals.Chlorite is found inpelitesalong withquartz,albite,sericite, andgarnet, and is also found in associate withactinoliteandepidote.\n\nIn his pioneering work onmetamorphic faciesin the Scottish Highlands,G.M. Barrowidentified the chlorite zone as the zone of mildest metamorphism.In modern petrology, chlorite is the diagnostic mineral of thegreenschistfacies.This facies is characterized by temperatures near 450 °C (840 °F) and pressures near 5 kbar.At higher temperatures, much of the chlorite is destroyed by reactions with eitherpotassium feldsparorphengitemicawhich producebiotite,muscovite, andquartz. At still higher temperatures, other reactions destroy the remaining chlorite, often with release of water vapor.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chlorite_100.jpg/960px-Chlorite_100.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chlorite_001.jpg/960px-Chlorite_001.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/ChloriteUSGOV.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Quartz-Chlorite-Group-139575.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_group",
    "day_of_year": 113
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 135,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Prehnite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 Al(AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.8–2.95",
    "color_description": "Colorless to gray to yellow, yellow-green or white",
    "color_hex": "#c8e8a0",
    "description": "Prehniteis aninosilicateofcalciumandaluminiumwith the formula: Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2with limited Fe3+substitutes for aluminium in the structure.Prehnite crystallizes in theorthorhombiccrystalsystem,and most often forms as stalactitic,botryoidal, reniform or globular aggregates,with only just the crests of small crystals showing any faces, which are almost always curved or composite. Very rarely will it form distinct, well-individualized crystals showing a square-like cross-section, including those found at theJeffrey Minein Asbestos, Quebec,Canada. Prehnite is brittle with an uneven fracture and a vitreous to pearly luster. Itshardnessis 6.5, itsspecific gravityis 2.80–2.95 and its color varies from light green to yellow, but also colorless,blue, pink or white. In April 2000, rare orange prehnite was discovered in the Kalahari Manganese Fields,South Africa. Prehnite is mostly translucent, and rarely transparent.\n\nThough not azeolite, prehnite is found associated with minerals such asdatolite,calcite,apophyllite,epidote,stilbite,laumontite, andheulanditein veins and cavities ofbasalticrocks, sometimes ingranites,syenites, orgneisses. It is an indicator mineral of theprehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies.\n\nIt was first described in 1788 for an occurrence in theKaroo doleritesofCradock,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa.It was named for ColonelHendrik Von Prehn(1733–1785), commander of the military forces of theDutchcolony at theCape of Good Hopefrom 1768 to 1780.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Prehnite-pf-0002.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Calcite-Prehnite-188139.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Prehnite-273380.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Prehnite-pp-0134.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehnite",
    "day_of_year": 114
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 136,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Epidote",
    "formula": "{Ca 2 }{Al 2 Fe 3+ }(SiO 4 )(Si 2 O 7 )O(OH)",
    "category": "Sorosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "Greyish white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.38–3.49",
    "color_description": "Pistachio green , yellow-green , greenish black, brownish-green, green, black",
    "color_hex": "#7b8b2e",
    "description": "Epidoteis acalciumaluminiumironsorosilicatemineral.\n\nWell developed crystals of epidote, Ca2Al2(Fe3+;Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH),crystallizingin themonoclinicsystem, are of frequent occurrence: they are commonly prismatic in habit, the direction of elongation being perpendicular to the single plane of symmetry. The name Epidote is derived from the Greek word 'epidosis', meaning \"increase\", in allusion to the crystal characteristic of one longer side at the base of the prism.The faces are often deeply striated and crystals are often twinned. Many of the characters of the mineral vary with the amount of iron present for instance, the color, the optical constants, and the specific gravity.  The color is green, grey, brown or nearly black, but usually a characteristic shade of yellowish-green or pistachio-green. It displays strongpleochroism, the pleochroic colors being usually green, yellow and brown.Clinozoisiteis green, white or pale rose-red group species containing very little iron, thus having the same chemical composition as theorthorhombicmineralzoisite.The name, due toHaüy, is derived from the Greek word \"epidosis\" (ἐπίδοσις) which means \"addition\" in allusion to one side of the ideal prism being longer than the other.\n\nEpidote is an abundant rock-forming mineral, but one of secondary origin. It occurs inmarbleandschistoserocks ofmetamorphicorigin. It is also a product ofhydrothermal alterationof various minerals (feldspars,micas,pyroxenes,amphiboles,garnets, and others) composingigneous rocks. A rock composed ofquartzand epidote is known asepidosite. Well-developed crystals are found at many localities: Knappenwand, near theGroßvenedigerin the Untersulzbachthal inSalzburg, as magnificent, dark green crystals of long prismatic habit in cavities in epidote schist, withasbestos,adularia,calcite, andapatite; the Ala valley andTraversellainPiedmont; Arendal inNorway;Le Bourg-d'OisansinDauphiné;HaddaminConnecticut;Prince of Wales IslandinAlaska, here as large, dark green, tabular crystals withcopperoresin metamorphosed limestone.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Epidot_%E2%80%93_Prowincja_Antsiranana%2C_Madagaskar.jpg/960px-Epidot_%E2%80%93_Prowincja_Antsiranana%2C_Madagaskar.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Epidotic_vesicular_basalt_%28Portage_Lake_Volcanic_Series%2C_upper_Mesoproterozoic%2C_1.093_to_1.097_Ga%3B_Gratiot_Mine%2C_Keweenaw_Peninsula%2C_Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan%2C_USA%29_3_%289393657643%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Deformed_epidote_lens_in_amphibole_epidote_schist.jpg/960px-Deformed_epidote_lens_in_amphibole_epidote_schist.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amygdaloidal_basalt_%28Portage_Lake_Volcanic_Series%2C_upper_Mesoproterozoic%2C_1.093_to_1.097_Ga%3B_Keweenaw_Peninsula%2C_Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan%2C_USA%29_13.jpg/960px-Amygdaloidal_basalt_%28Portage_Lake_Volcanic_Series%2C_upper_Mesoproterozoic%2C_1.093_to_1.097_Ga%3B_Keweenaw_Peninsula%2C_Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan%2C_USA%29_13.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidote",
    "day_of_year": 115
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 137,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Zoisite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 Al 3 (SiO 4 )(Si 2 O 7 )O(OH)",
    "category": "Sorosilicate – epidote group",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6 to 7",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "White or colorless",
    "specific_gravity": "3.10–3.36",
    "color_description": "White, gray, greenish brown, greenish gray, pink, blue, purple",
    "color_hex": "#6b8b73",
    "description": "Zoisite, first known assaualpite, after itstype locality, is a calcium aluminumhydroxysorosilicatebelonging to theepidote groupofminerals. Itschemical formulaisCa2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).\n\nZoisite occurs asprismatic,orthorhombic(2/m 2/m 2/m)crystalsor in massive form, being found inmetamorphicandpegmatiticrock. Zoisite may be blue to violet, green, brown, pink, yellow, gray, or colorless. Blue crystals are known under the nametanzanite.  It has a vitreouslusterand a conchoidal to unevenfracture. When euhedral, zoisite crystals are striated parallel to the principal axis (c-axis). Also parallel to the principal axis is one direction of perfectcleavage. The mineral is between 6 and 7 on theMohs hardness scale, and itsspecific gravityranges from 3.10 to 3.38, depending on the variety. It streaks white and is said to be brittle.Clinozoisiteis a more commonmonoclinicpolymorphof Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).  \nTransparent material is fashioned intogemstoneswhile translucent-to-opaque material is usually carved.\n\nThe mineral was described byAbraham Gottlob Wernerin 1805. He named it after theCarniolannaturalistSigmund Zois, who sent him its specimens fromSaualpeinCarinthia.Zois realized that this was an unknown mineral when it was brought to him by a mineral dealer, presumed to be Simon Prešern, in 1797.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Zoisite-33616.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoisite",
    "day_of_year": 116
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 138,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Clinozoisite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 Al 3 (Si 2 O 7 )(SiO 4 )O(OH)",
    "category": "Sorosilicates Epidote group",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "Grayish white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.3–3.4",
    "color_description": "Colorless, green, gray, light green, yellow green, pink",
    "color_hex": "#7b9b6b",
    "description": "Clinozoisiteis a complexcalciumaluminiumsorosilicatemineral with formula: Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH). It forms a continuoussolid solutionseries withepidoteby substitution of iron(III) in the aluminium (m3 site) and is also calledaluminium epidote.\n\nClinothulite is amanganesebearing variety with a pinkish hue due to substitution of Mn(III) in the aluminium site.\n\nIt was originally discovered in 1896 inEast Tyrol,Austria, and is so-named because of its resemblance tozoisiteand itsmonocliniccrystal structure.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Clinozoisite%2C_Amphibole_Group_-_Mount_Belvidere_Quarries%2C_Vermont%2C_USA.jpg/960px-Clinozoisite%2C_Amphibole_Group_-_Mount_Belvidere_Quarries%2C_Vermont%2C_USA.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinozoisite",
    "day_of_year": 117
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 139,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Vesuvianite",
    "formula": "Ca 10 (Mg, Fe) 2 Al 4 (SiO 4 ) 5 (Si 2 O 7 ) 2 (OH,F) 4",
    "category": "Sorosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.32–3.43",
    "color_description": "Yellow, green, brown; colorless to white, brown-black, light green, emerald green, violet, blue-green to blue, pink, purple, red, black, commonly zoned",
    "color_hex": "#6b8040",
    "description": "Vesuvianite, also known asidocrase, is a green, brown, yellow, or bluesilicate mineral. Vesuvianite occurs astetragonalcrystalsinskarndeposits andlimestonesthat have been subjected to contactmetamorphism.It was first discovered within included blocks or adjacent tolavasonMount Vesuvius, hence its name. Attractive-looking crystals are sometimes cut as gemstones. Localities which have yielded fine crystallized specimens include Mount Vesuvius and the Ala Valley near Turin,Piedmont.\n\nThespecific gravityis 3.4 and theMohs hardnessis6+1⁄2. The name \"vesuvianite\" was given byAbraham Gottlob Wernerin 1795, because fine crystals of the mineral are found at Vesuvius; these are brown in color and occur in the ejected limestone blocks ofMonte Somma. Several other names were applied to this species, one of which, \"idocrase\" byRené Just Haüyin 1796, is now in common use.\n\nA sky bluish variety known ascyprinehas been reported fromFranklin, New Jerseyand other locations; the blue is due to impurities of copper in a complex calcium aluminum sorosilicate.Californiteis a name sometimes used forjade-like vesuvianite, also known asCalifornia jade,American jadeorVesuvianite jade.Xanthiteis amanganeserich variety.Wiluiteis an optically positive variety from Wilui,Siberia. Idocrase is an older synonym sometimes used forgemstone-quality vesuvianite. Also,VessoniteandVassoliteare variant spellings commonly encountered in the gem trade.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Vesuvianite-242685.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wezuwian_%28Vesuvianite%29_-_Alchuri%2C_Shigar_Valley%2C_Gilgit-Baltistan%2C_Pakistan.jpg/960px-Wezuwian_%28Vesuvianite%29_-_Alchuri%2C_Shigar_Valley%2C_Gilgit-Baltistan%2C_Pakistan.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvianite",
    "day_of_year": 118
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 140,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pumpellyite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "Sorosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5-6",
    "luster": "Vitreous, dull",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.2",
    "color_description": "Olive green to bluish green",
    "color_hex": "#447744",
    "description": "Pumpellyiteis a group of closely relatedsorosilicateminerals:\n\nPumpellyite crystallizes in themonoclinic-prismaticcrystal system. It typically occurs as blue-green to olive green fibrous to lamellar masses. It is translucent and glassy with aMohs hardnessof 5.5 and aspecific gravityof 3.2. It hasrefractive indicesof nα=1.674–1.748, nβ=1.675–1.754 and nγ=1.688–1.764.\n\nPumpellyite occurs asamygdaloidaland fracture fillings inbasalticandgabbroicrocks inmetamorphicterranes. It is an indicator mineral of theprehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. It is associated withchlorite,epidote,quartz,calciteandprehnite.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mineraly.sk_-_pumpellyit.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpellyite",
    "day_of_year": 119
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 141,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Lawsonite",
    "formula": "CaAl 2 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 ·H 2 O",
    "category": "Sorosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, greasy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.05–3.12",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, pale blue to grayish blue",
    "color_hex": "#8090a0",
    "description": "Lawsoniteis a hydrous calcium aluminiumsorosilicatemineral with formula CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O. Lawsonite crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem in prismatic, often tabular crystals.Crystal twinningis common. It forms transparent totranslucentcolorless, white, pink, and bluish to pinkish grey glassy to greasy crystals.Refractive indicesare nα= 1.665, nβ= 1.672 – 1.676, and nγ= 1.684 – 1.686. It is typically almost colorless in thin section, but some lawsonite ispleochroicfrom colorless to pale yellow to pale blue, depending on orientation. The mineral has aMohs hardnessof 7.5 and aspecific gravityof 3.09. It has perfect cleavage in two directions and a brittle fracture. Not to be confused withLarsonite, a fossiliferous jasper mined in Nevada.\n\nLawsonite is ametamorphicmineral typical of theblueschist facies. It also occurs as a secondary mineral in alteredgabbroanddiorite. Associate minerals includeepidote,titanite,glaucophane,garnetandquartz. It is an uncommon constituent ofeclogite. Its scarcity in eclogite that has been exhumed to the Earth's surface does not reflect its abundance at depth in subduction zones but rather the fact that lawsonite is easily replaced by other minerals.\n\nLawsonite was first described in 1895for occurrences onRing Mountainof the Tiburon peninsula,Marin County, Californiaand was named aftergeologistAndrew Lawson(1861–1952) of theUniversity of Californiaby two of Lawson's graduate students,Charles PalacheandFrederick Leslie Ransome.",
    "history": "Lawsonite is a very widespread mineral and has attracted considerable interest because of its importance as a marker of moderate to high pressure (6,000–25,000bar) and low temperature (300–600 °C) conditions in nature (Clarke et al., 2006). This mainly occurs along continental margins (subduction zones) such as those found in: theFranciscan Formationin California at Reed Station,Tiburon PeninsulaofMarin County, California;schistsinNew Zealand,New Caledonia, and from other points in thecircum-Pacific orogenic belt; thePiedmontmetamorphic rocksofItaly;China,Japan,Greece, andTurkey.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Lawsonite-169898.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsonite",
    "day_of_year": 120
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 142,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Andalusite",
    "formula": "Al 2 SiO 5",
    "category": "Nesosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.17 (± .04)",
    "color_description": "Pink, violet, yellow, green, white, gray; in thin section, colorless to pink or green",
    "color_hex": "#b08080",
    "description": "Andalusiteis analuminiumnesosilicatemineralwith the chemical formula Al2SiO5. This mineral was called andalousite by Delamétherie,who thought it came fromAndalusia, Spain. It soon became clear that it was a locality error, and that the specimens studied were actually from El Cardoso de la Sierra, in the Spanish province ofGuadalajara, not Andalusia.\n\nAndalusite is trimorphic withkyaniteandsillimanite, being the lower pressure mid temperature polymorph. At higher temperatures and pressures, andalusite may convert to sillimanite. Thus, as with its other polymorphs, andalusite is analuminosilicateindex mineral, providing clues to depth and pressures involved in producing the host rock.\n\nThe varietychiastolitecommonly contains dark inclusions of carbon or clay which form acruciformpattern when shown in cross-section. This stone was known at least from the sixteenth century, being taken to many European countries, as a souvenir, by pilgrims returning from Santiago de Compostela.",
    "history": "Andalusite is a commonmetamorphicmineral which forms under low pressure and low to high temperatures. The mineralskyaniteandsillimanitearepolymorphsof andalusite, each occurring under different temperature-pressure regimes and are therefore rarely found together in the same rock. Because of this the three minerals are a useful tool to help identify the pressure-temperature paths of the host rock in which they are found. It is particularly associated withpeliticmetamorphic rocks such asmica schist.\n\nThe world's highest concentration of andalusite is found in theGlomel mineinCôtes-d'Armor(France) which accounts for 25% of the global production of this mineral.South Africapossesses the largest portion of the world's known andalusite deposits.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Andalusite_-_Malacheta%2C_Minas_Gerais%2C_Brazil.jpg/960px-Andalusite_-_Malacheta%2C_Minas_Gerais%2C_Brazil.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Round_faceted_andalusite_1.jpg/960px-Round_faceted_andalusite_1.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite",
    "day_of_year": 121
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 143,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sillimanite",
    "formula": "Al 2 SiO 5",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7",
    "luster": "Vitreous to subadamantine, silky",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.24",
    "color_description": "Colourless or white to grey, also brown, yellow, yellow-green, grey-green, blue-green, blue; colourless in thin section",
    "color_hex": "#c8c0b8",
    "description": "Sillimaniteorfibroliteis analuminosilicatemineralwith thechemical formulaAl2SiO5. Sillimanite is named after the American chemistBenjamin Silliman(1779–1864). It was first described in 1824 for an occurrence inChester, Connecticut.\n\nSillimanite or fibrolite is one of threealuminosilicatepolymorphs, the other two beingandalusiteandkyanite. A common variety of sillimanite is known asfibrolite, so named because the mineral appears like a bunch of fibres twisted together when viewed inthin sectionor even by the naked eye. Both the fibrous and traditional forms of sillimanite are common inmetamorphosedsedimentary rocks. It is anindex mineralindicating high temperature but variable pressure. Example rocks includegneissandgranulite. It occurs with andalusite, kyanite,potassium feldspar,almandine,cordierite,biotiteandquartzinschist, gneiss,hornfelsand also rarely inpegmatites.Dumortieriteandmulliteare similar mineral species found inporcelain.\n\nSillimanite has been found inBrandywine Springs,New Castle County, Delaware. It was named by the State Legislature in 1977 as the state mineral of Delaware by the suggestion of theDelaware Mineralogical Society.",
    "history": "Sillimanite or fibrolite is one of threealuminosilicatepolymorphs, the other two beingandalusiteandkyanite. A common variety of sillimanite is known asfibrolite, so named because the mineral appears like a bunch of fibres twisted together when viewed inthin sectionor even by the naked eye. Both the fibrous and traditional forms of sillimanite are common inmetamorphosedsedimentary rocks. It is anindex mineralindicating high temperature but variable pressure. Example rocks includegneissandgranulite. It occurs with andalusite, kyanite,potassium feldspar,almandine,cordierite,biotiteandquartzinschist, gneiss,hornfelsand also rarely inpegmatites.Dumortieriteandmulliteare similar mineral species found inporcelain.\n\nSillimanite has been found inBrandywine Springs,New Castle County, Delaware. It was named by the State Legislature in 1977 as the state mineral of Delaware by the suggestion of theDelaware Mineralogical Society.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sillimanite.jpg/960px-Sillimanite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fibrolite.JPG/960px-Fibrolite.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Sillimanite-k302a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite",
    "day_of_year": 122
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 144,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Kyanite",
    "formula": "Al 2 SiO 5",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5–5 parallel to one axis 6.5–7 perpendicular to ",
    "luster": "Vitreous to white",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.53–3.65 measured; 3.67 calculated",
    "color_description": "Blue, white, rarely green, light gray to gray, rarely yellow, pink, orange, and black, can be zoned",
    "color_hex": "#5b8fbe",
    "description": "Kyaniteis a typically bluealuminosilicatemineral, found inaluminium-rich metamorphicpegmatitesandsedimentary rock. It is the high pressurepolymorphofandalusiteandsillimanite, and the presence of kyanite inmetamorphic rocksgenerally indicates metamorphism deep in theEarth's crust. Kyanite is also known asdistheneorcyanite.\n\nKyanite is stronglyanisotropic, in that itshardnessvaries depending on its crystallographic direction. In kyanite, this anisotropism can be considered an identifying characteristic, along with its characteristic blue color. Its name comes from the same origin as that of the colorcyan, being derived from the Ancient Greek word κύανος. This is typically rendered into English askyanosorkuanosand means \"dark blue.\"\n\nKyanite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramics and abrasives, and it is an importantindex mineralused by geologists to tracemetamorphic zones.",
    "history": "Kyanite occurs inbiotitegneiss, micaschist, andhornfels, which aremetamorphic rocksformed at high pressure during regionalmetamorphismof aprotolithwhich is rich inaluminium(apeliticprotolith). Kyanite is also occasionally found ingraniteandpegmatitesand associatedquartzveins,and is infrequently found ineclogites. It occurs as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks, although it tends to weather rapidly.It is associated withstaurolite,andalusite,sillimanite,talc,hornblende,gedrite,mulliteandcorundum.\n\nKyanite is one of the most common minerals, having the compositionAl2SiO5. Minerals with identical compositions but a different, distinct crystal structure are calledpolymorphs. There are two polymorphs of kyanite:andalusiteandsillimanite. Kyanite is the most stable at high pressure, andalusite is the most stable at lower temperature and pressure, and sillimanite is the most stable at higher temperature and lower pressure.They are all equally stable at thetriple pointnear 4.2kbarand 530 °C (986 °F).This makes the presence of kyanite in a metamorphic rock an indication of metamorphism at high pressure.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kyanite_crystals.jpg/960px-Kyanite_crystals.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kyanite.JPG/960px-Kyanite.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kyanite_within_quartz%2C_as_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/960px-Kyanite_within_quartz%2C_as_collected_by_Dr_John_Hunter%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arabesque_-_gold_and_kyanite_earrings%2C_cropped.jpg/960px-Arabesque_-_gold_and_kyanite_earrings%2C_cropped.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite",
    "day_of_year": 123
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 145,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Staurolite",
    "formula": "Fe 2+ 2 Al 9 O 6 (SiO 4 ) 4 (O,OH) 2 [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 – 7.5",
    "luster": "Subvitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "White to grayish",
    "specific_gravity": "3.74 – 3.83 meas. 3.686 calc.",
    "color_description": "Dark reddish brown to blackish brown, yellowish brown, rarely blue; pale golden yellow in thin section",
    "color_hex": "#7b5b3b",
    "description": "Stauroliteis a reddish brown to black, mostly opaque,nesosilicatemineralwith a white streak. It crystallizes in themonocliniccrystal system, has aMohs hardnessof 7 to 7.5 and the chemical formula: Fe2+2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2.Magnesium,zincandmanganesesubstitute in the iron site and trivalent iron can substitute for aluminium.\n\nStaurolite often occurstwinnedin a characteristic cross-shape, called cruciform penetration twinning.In handsamples, macroscopically visible staurolitecrystalsare of prismatic shape. The mineral often formsporphyroblasts.\n\nInthin sectionsstaurolite is commonly twinned and shows lower first orderbirefringencesimilar toquartz, with the twinning displaying optical continuity. It can be identified inmetamorphic rocksby itsswiss cheeseappearance (withpoikiliticquartz) and often mantled porphyroblastic character.",
    "history": "Staurolite is aregional metamorphicmineral of intermediate to high grade. It occurs with almandinegarnet,micas,kyanite; as well asalbite,biotite, andsillimaniteingneissandschistof regional metamorphic rocks.\n\nIt is theofficial state mineralof theU.S. stateofGeorgiaand is also to be found in theLepontine AlpsinSwitzerland.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Staurolite-26463.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Staurolite_specimen_zoomed.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Staurolite_Structure.png/960px-Staurolite_Structure.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Staurolit%2C_Madagaskar.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurolite",
    "day_of_year": 124
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 146,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cordierite",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 2 Al 4 Si 5 O 18",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7–7.5",
    "luster": "Greasy or vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.57–2.66",
    "color_description": "Blue, smoky blue, bluish violet; greenish, yellowish brown, gray; colorless to very pale blue in thin section in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#6666aa",
    "description": "Cordierite(mineralogy) oriolite(gemology) is amagnesiumironaluminiumcyclosilicate.Ironis almost always present, and asolid solutionexists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-richsekaninaitewith a series formula:(Mg,Fe)2Al3(Si5AlO18)to(Fe,Mg)2Al3(Si5AlO18).A high-temperaturepolymorphexists,indialite, which isisostructuralwithberyland has a random distribution of Al in the(Si,Al)6O18rings.Cordierite is also synthesized and used in high temperature applications such as catalytic converters and pizza stones.\n\nCordierite, which was discovered in 1813, in specimens fromNíjar, Almería,Spain, is named after the FrenchgeologistLouis Cordier(1777–1861).\n\nCordierite typically occurs in contact or regionalmetamorphismofpeliticrocks. It is especially common inhornfelsproduced by contact metamorphism ofpeliticrocks. Two common metamorphic mineral assemblages includesillimanite-cordierite-spineland cordierite-spinel-plagioclase-orthopyroxene. Other associated minerals includegarnet(cordierite-garnet-sillimanitegneisses) andanthophyllite.Cordierite also occurs in somegranites,pegmatites, andnoritesin gabbroic magmas. Alteration products includemica,chlorite, andtalc. Cordierite occurs, for example, in the granite contact zone atGeevor Tin MineinCornwall.",
    "history": "Cordierite, which was discovered in 1813, in specimens fromNíjar, Almería,Spain, is named after the FrenchgeologistLouis Cordier(1777–1861).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cordierite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Iolite.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cordierite_pl%C3%A9ochro%C3%AFsme.jpg/960px-Cordierite_pl%C3%A9ochro%C3%AFsme.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cordierite-den07-06aa.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordierite",
    "day_of_year": 125
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 147,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sodalite",
    "formula": "Na 8 (Al 6 Si 6 O 24 )Cl 2",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Dull vitreous to greasy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.27–2.33",
    "color_description": "Rich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common",
    "color_hex": "#3c578e",
    "description": "Sodalite(/ˈsoʊ.dəˌlaɪt/SOH-də-lyte) is atectosilicatemineral with the formulaNa8(Al6Si6O24)Cl2, withroyal bluevarieties widely used as anornamentalgemstone. Although massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Sodalite is a member of the sodalite group withhauyne,nosean,lazuriteandtugtupite.\n\nThe people of theCaral culturetraded for sodalite from theCollao altiplano(Andean Plateau).First discovered by Europeans in 1811 in theIlimaussaq intrusive complexinGreenland, sodalite did not become widely important as an ornamental stone until 1891 when vast deposits of fine material were discovered inOntario, Canada.\n\nThe structure of sodalite was first studied byLinus Paulingin 1930.It is a cubic mineral ofspace groupP43n (space group 218) which consists of an aluminosilicate cage network with Na+cations and chloride anions in the interframework. (There may be small amounts of other cations and anions instead.) This framework forms azeolitecage structure. Each unit cell has two cavities, which have almost the same structure as theboratecage(B24O48)24−found in thezinc borateZn4O(BO2)6,theberyllosilicatecage(Be12Si12O48)24−,and thealuminatecage(Al24O48)24−inCa8(Al12O24)(WO4)2,and as in the similar mineraltugtupite(Na4AlBeSi4O12Cl) (seeHaüyne#Sodalite group). There is one cavity around each chloride ion. One chloride is located at the corners of the unit cell, and the other at the centre. Each cavity haschiral tetrahedral symmetry, and the cavities around these two chloride locations are mirror images one of the other (aglide planeor a four-foldimproper rotationtakes one into the other). There are four sodium ions around each chloride ion (at one distance, and four more at a greater distance), surrounded by twelveSiO4tetrahedra and twelveAlO4tetrahedra. The silicon and aluminum atoms are located at the corners of atruncated octahedronwith the chloride and four sodium atoms inside.(A similar structure called \"carbon sodalite\" may occur as a very high pressure form of carbon — see illustration in reference.) Each oxygen atom links between anSiO4tetrahedronand anAlO4tetrahedron. All the oxygen atoms are equivalent, but one half are in environments that areenantiomorphicto the environments of the other half. The silicon atoms are at the location(0,1/2,1/4){\\displaystyle (0,1/2,1/4)}and symmetry-equivalent positions, and the aluminum ions at the location(1/2,0,1/4){\\displaystyle (1/2,0,1/4)}and symmetry-equivalent positions. The three silicon atoms and the three aluminum atoms listed above closest to a given corner of the unit cell form a six-membered ring of tetrahedra, and the four in any face of the unit cell form a four-membered ring of tetrahedra. The six-membered rings can serve as channels in which ions can diffuse through the crystal.",
    "history": "Sodalite was first described in 1811 for the occurrence in itstype localityin theIlimaussaq complex, Narsaq,West Greenland.\n\nOccurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonicigneous rockssuch asnepheline syenites. It is associated with other minerals typical of silica-undersaturated environments, namelyleucite,cancriniteandnatrolite. Other associated minerals includenepheline, titanianandradite,aegirine,microcline,sanidine,albite,calcite,fluorite,ankeriteandbaryte.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sodalith_-_Rohstein.jpg/960px-Sodalith_-_Rohstein.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sodalite_peg.jpg/960px-Sodalite_peg.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sodalitest.jpg/960px-Sodalitest.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Stereogram_guide_parallel.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodalite",
    "day_of_year": 126
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 148,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Lazurite",
    "formula": "(Na,Ca) 8 [(S,Cl,SO 4 ,OH) 2 |(Al 6 Si 6 O 24 )]",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–5.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.38–2.45",
    "color_description": "Deep blue, azure, violet-blue, greenish blue",
    "color_hex": "#26619c",
    "description": "Lazurite, old nameAzure spar: 14is atectosilicatemineral withsulfate,sulfurandchloridewith formula(Na,Ca)8[(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2|(Al6Si6O24)]. It is afeldspathoidand a member of thesodalitegroup. Lazurite crystallizes in theisometricsystem although well‐formed crystals are rare. It is usually massive and forms the bulk of the gemstonelapis lazuli.\n\nLazurite is a deep‐blue to greenish‐blue. The colour is due to the presence ofS−3anions.It has aMohs hardnessof 5.0 to 5.5 and aspecific gravityof 2.4. It is translucent with arefractive indexof 1.50. It is fusible at 3.5 onWolfgang Franz von Kobell'sfusibilityscale, and soluble inHCl. It commonly contains or is associated with grains ofpyrite.\n\nLazurite is a product ofcontact metamorphismoflimestoneand is typically associated withcalcite, pyrite,diopside,humite,forsterite,hauyneandmuscovite.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lazurite.jpg/960px-Lazurite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazurite",
    "day_of_year": 127
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 149,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hauyne",
    "formula": "Na 3 Ca(Si 3 Al 3 )O 12 (SO 4 ) [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 to 6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to greasy",
    "streak": "Very pale blue to white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.4 to 2.5",
    "color_description": "Blue, white, gray, yellow, green, pink",
    "color_hex": "#4466bb",
    "description": "Hauyneorhaüyne, also calledhauyniteorhaüynite(/ɑːˈwiːnaɪt/ah-WEE-nyte),old nameAzure spar,: 571is a raretectosilicatesulfatemineral withendmemberformulaNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4).As much as 5wt %K2Omay be present, and alsoH2OandCl. It is afeldspathoidand a member of thesodalitegroup.Hauyne was first described in 1807 from samples discovered in Vesuvian lavas inMonte Somma, Italy,and was named in 1807 by Brunn-Neergard for the French crystallographerRené Just Haüy(1743–1822).It is sometimes used as a gemstone.\n\nAll these minerals arefeldspathoids.\nHaüyne forms asolid solutionwith nosean and with sodalite. Complete solid solution exists between synthetic nosean and haüyne at 600 °C, but only limited solid solution occurs in the sodalite-nosean and sodalite-haüyne systems.\n\nThe characteristic blue color of sodalite-group minerals arises mainly from cagedS−3andS4clusters.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Hauyne-169903.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Hauyne-169904.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ha%C3%BCyne_crystal.JPG/960px-Ha%C3%BCyne_crystal.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauyne",
    "day_of_year": 128
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 150,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Leucite",
    "formula": "KAlSi 2 O 6",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.45–2.50",
    "color_description": "White to grey",
    "color_hex": "#d8d0c8",
    "description": "Leucite(from the Greek wordleukosmeaning white) is arock-formingmineralof thefeldspathoidgroup, silica-undersaturated and composed ofpotassiumandaluminiumtectosilicateKAlSi2O6.Crystalshave the form of cubic icositetrahedra but, as first observed by SirDavid Brewsterin 1821, they are not optically isotropic, and are therefore pseudo-cubic.Goniometricmeasurements made byGerhard vom Rathin 1873 led him to refer the crystals to thetetragonalsystem. Optical investigations have since proved the crystals to be still more complex in character, and to consist of severalorthorhombicormonoclinicindividuals, which are optically biaxial and repeatedlytwinned, giving rise to twin-lamellae and to striations on the faces. When the crystals are raised to a temperature of about 500 °C they become optically isotropic and the twin-lamellae and striations disappear, although they reappear when the crystals are cooled again. This pseudo-cubic character of leucite is very similar to that of the mineralboracite.Leucite is commonly  found in igneous rocks, especially atMt. Vesuvius\n\nThe crystals are white or ash-grey in colour, hence the name suggested byA. G. Wernerin 1701, fromλευκος, '(matt) white'.They are transparent and glassy when fresh, albeit with a noticeably subdued 'subvitreous' lustre due to the low refractive  index, but readily  alter to become waxy/greasy and then dull and opaque; they are brittle and break with a conchoidal fracture. TheMohs hardnessis 5.5, and thespecific gravity2.47. Inclusions of other minerals, arranged in concentric zones, are frequently present in the crystals. On account of the color and form of the crystals the mineral was early known as 'white garnet'. French authors in older literature may employRené Just Haüy's nameamphigène,but 'leucite' is the only name for this mineral species that is recognised as official by the International Mineralogical Association.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Leucite_in_rock_w-_nepheline_Potassium_aluminum_silicate_Albano_Hills_Italy_1927.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucite",
    "day_of_year": 129
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 151,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Nepheline",
    "formula": "(Na,K)AlSiO 4",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to greasy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.55–2.65 (average: 2.59)",
    "color_description": "White, gray, brown, brownish gray, or reddish white",
    "color_hex": "#c8c0a8",
    "description": "Nepheline(fromAncient Greekνεφέλη(nephélē)'cloud'), also callednephelite, is a rock-formingmineralin thefeldspathoidgroup – asilica-undersaturatedaluminosilicate(Na3KAl4Si4O16) that occurs inintrusiveandvolcanic rockswith low silica, and in their associatedpegmatites. It is used inglassandceramicmanufacturing and other industries, and has been investigated as anoreofaluminium.\n\nNepheline crystals are rare and belong to the hexagonal system, usually having the form of a short, six-sided prism terminated by thebasal plane.The crystals appear to have more symmetry than they actually possess,but unsymmetrical etched figures produced artificially on the prism faces indicate that the crystals arehemimorphicandtetartohedral, the only element of symmetry being a polar hexad axis.Nepheline is found in compact, granular aggregates, and can be white, yellow, gray, green, or reddish. Itshardnesson theMohs scaleis 5.5 to 6, and itsspecific gravity2.60–2.65. It is often translucent with a greasyluster.\n\nThe lowindex of refractionand the feebledouble refractionin nepheline are nearly the same as inquartz; but since the sign of the double refraction is negative in nepheline, while it is positive in quartz, the two minerals are readily distinguished under themicroscope.An important determinative character of nepheline is the ease with which it is decomposed byhydrochloric acid, with separation of gelatinous silica (which may be readily stained by coloring matters) and cubes ofsalt.For this reason, a clear crystal of nepheline becomes cloudy when immersed inacid.",
    "history": "Nephelinite is a rock-forming mineral found in silica-poorigneous rocks. These includenepheline syenite,foidite, andphonolite. It is often found along withleucite, sodalite, potassium feldspars, and sodium-richplagioclase,amphiboles, orpyroxenes, but almost never in association withquartz.Notable outcrops of nepheline-bearing rocks are found on theKola Peninsula; in Norway and South Africa; and atLitchfield, Maine;Magnet Cove, Arkansas; andBeemerville, New Jersey, in the United States.Syenitesfound nearBancroft, Ontariocontain large deposits of high-purity nepheline.\n\nElaeolite (a name given by M. H. Klaproth 1809, fromGreekwords for oil [ἔλαιον] and stone [λίθος];German:Fettstein)is a massive form of translucent nepheline with a darker color and greasy luster.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Nepheline3.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Nepheline-Schorlomite-250211.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepheline",
    "day_of_year": 130
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 152,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Scapolite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.6–2.74",
    "color_description": "Pink, red, blue, brown, white, grey, colourless, green, yellow, orange, purple",
    "color_hex": "#d0c8b0",
    "description": "Thescapolites(Greek:σκάπος, \"rod\", andλίθος, \"stone\") are a group of rock-formingsilicate mineralscomposed ofaluminium,calcium, andsodiumsilicatewithchlorine,carbonateandsulfate. The twoendmembersaremeionite(Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3)andmarialite(Na4Al3Si9O24Cl).Silvialite(Ca,Na)4Al6Si6O24(SO4,CO3)is also a recognized member of the group.\n\nThe group is anisomorphousmixture of themeioniteandmarialiteendmembers. Thetetragonalcrystalsare hemihedral with parallel faces (likescheelite), and at times of considerable size. They are distinct and usually have the form of square columns, some cleavages parallel to the prism-faces. Crystals are usually white or greyish-white and opaque, though meionite is found as colorless glassy crystals in the ejectedlimestoneblocks of Monte Somma,Vesuvius. Thehardnessis 5–6, and thespecific gravityvaries with the chemical composition between 2.7 (meionite) and 2.5 (marialite). The scapolites are especially liable to alteration byweatheringprocesses, with the development ofmica,kaolin, etc., and this is the cause of the usual opacity of the crystals. Owing to this alteration, and to the variations in composition, numerous varieties have been distinguished by special names. Scapolite is commonly a mineral ofmetamorphicorigin, occurring usually in crystallinemarbles, but also withpyroxeneinschistsandgneisses. The long slender prisms abundant in the crystalline marbles and schists in thePyreneesare known as dipyre or couzeranite. Large crystals of common scapolite (wernerite) are found in theapatitedeposits in the neighborhood of Bamble near Brevik inNorway, and have resulted from the alteration of theplagioclaseof agabbro.\n\nAccording to their genesis the scapolite rocks fall naturally into four groups.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scapolite%2C_elba%C3%AFte%2C_cleavelandite_7100.1.2830.jpg/960px-Scapolite%2C_elba%C3%AFte%2C_cleavelandite_7100.1.2830.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wernerite_-_Fluorescence.gif/960px-Wernerite_-_Fluorescence.gif",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Marialite.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapolite",
    "day_of_year": 131
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 153,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Danburite",
    "formula": "CaB 2 (SiO 4 ) 2",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 – 7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to greasy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.93 – 3.02",
    "color_description": "Colourless, white, gray, brownish white, straw yellow",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0d0",
    "description": "Danburiteis acalciumboronsilicate mineralwith achemical formulaof CaB2(SiO4)2.\n\nIt has aMohs hardnessof 7 to 7.5 and aspecific gravityof 3.0.The mineral has anorthorhombiccrystal form.It is usually colourless, like quartz, but can also be either pale yellowor yellowish-brown. It typically occurs in contactmetamorphic rocks.\n\nThe Dana classification of minerals categorizes danburite as asorosilicate, while the Strunz classification scheme lists it as atectosilicate;its structure can be interpreted as either.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Danburite-162634.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Danburite_2581.jpg/960px-Danburite_2581.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danburite",
    "day_of_year": 132
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 154,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Datolite",
    "formula": "CaBSiO 4 (OH)",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 to 5.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, rarely subresinous on fracture surface",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.96 – 3.00",
    "color_description": "Colorless or white; may be grayish, yellow, green, pale green, red, pink, etc.",
    "color_hex": "#d4e8d0",
    "description": "Datoliteis acalciumboronhydroxidenesosilicate,CaBSiO4(OH). It was first observed byJens Esmarkin 1806, and named by him from δατεῖσθαι, \"to divide,\" and  λίθος, \"stone,\" in allusion to the granular structure\nof the massive mineral.\n\nDatolite crystallizes in themonoclinicsystem forming prismaticcrystalsand nodular masses. The luster is vitreous and may be brown, yellow, light green or colorless. TheMohs hardnessis 5.5 and thespecific gravityis 2.8 - 3.0.\n\nThetype localitiesare in thediabasesof theConnecticut Rivervalley andArendal,Aust-Agder,Norway. Associated minerals includeprehnite,danburite,babingtonite,epidote, nativecopper,calcite,quartzandzeolites. It is common in the copper deposits of theLake Superiorregion ofMichigan. It occurs as a secondary mineral inmaficigneous rocksoften filling vesicles along with zeolites inbasalt. Unlike most localities throughout the world, the occurrence of datolite in theLake Superiorregion is usually fine grained in texture and possesses colored banding. Much of the coloration is due to the inclusion of copper or associated minerals in progressive stages of hydrothermal precipitation.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Datolite-rom25c.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Datolite-132458.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datolite",
    "day_of_year": 133
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 155,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Titanite",
    "formula": "CaTiSiO 5",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–5.5",
    "luster": "Sub-adamantine tending to slightly resinous",
    "streak": "Reddish white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.48–3.60",
    "color_description": "Reddish brown, brown, gray, black, yellow, green, or red, colourless",
    "color_hex": "#b8a048",
    "description": "Titanite, orsphene(fromAncient Greekσφηνώ(sphēnṓ)'wedge'),is acalciumtitaniumnesosilicatemineral,CaTiSiO5. Trace impurities ofironandaluminiumare typically present. Also commonly present arerare earthmetals includingceriumandyttrium; calcium may be partly replaced bythorium.\n\nTheInternational Mineralogical AssociationCommission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) adopted the name titanite and \"discredited\" the name spheneas of 1982,although commonly papers and books initially identify the mineral using both names.Sphene was the most commonly used name until the IMA decision, although both were well known.Some authoritiesthink it is less confusing as the word is used to describe any chemical or crystal withoxidizedtitanium such as therare earthtitanatepyrochloresseriesand many of the minerals with theperovskite structure.The name sphene continues to be publishable in peer-reviewed scientific literature, e.g. a paper by Hayden et al. was published in early 2008 in the journal Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.Sphene persists as the informal name for titanitegemstones.\n\nTitanite, which is named for its titanium content, occurs as translucent to transparent, reddish brown, gray, yellow, green, or redmonocliniccrystals. These crystals are typicallysphenoidinhabitand are often twinned. Possessing a subadamantine tending to slightly resinousluster, titanite has ahardnessof 5.5 and a weakcleavage. Itsspecific gravityvaries between 3.52 and 3.54. Titanite'srefractive indexis 1.885–1.990 to 1.915–2.050 with a strongbirefringenceof 0.105 to 0.135 (biaxial positive); under the microscope this leads to a distinctive high relief which combined with the common yellow-brown colour and lozenge-shape cross-section makes the mineral easy to identify. Transparent specimens are noted for their strongtrichroism, the three colours presented being dependent on body colour. Owing to thequenchingeffect of iron, sphene exhibits nofluorescenceunder ultraviolet light. Some titanite has been found to bemetamict, in consequence of structural damage due to radioactive decomposition of the often significant thorium content. When viewed inthin sectionwith apetrographic microscope,pleochroic haloscan be observed in minerals surrounding a titanite crystal.",
    "history": "Titanite occurs as a common accessory mineral in intermediate andfelsicigneous rocksand associatedpegmatites. It also occurs inmetamorphic rockssuch asgneissandschistsandskarns.Source localities include: Pakistan; Italy; Russia; China; Brazil;Tujetsch,St. Gothard, Switzerland;Madagascar;Tyrol, Austria;Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada;Sanford,Maine,Gouverneur,Diana,Rossie,Fine,Pitcairn,Brewster,New YorkandCaliforniain the US.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Titanit.jpg/960px-Titanit.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Titanite-tt56a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Titanite-Adularia-Clinochlore-275128.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Titanite-163984.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite",
    "day_of_year": 134
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 156,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Dumortierite",
    "formula": "Al 7 BO 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 O 3 or Al 6.5-7 BO 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 (O,OH) 3 [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7–8.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.3–3.4",
    "color_description": "Blue, greenish-blue, violet-blue, pale blue, red",
    "color_hex": "#4060a0",
    "description": "Dumortieriteis a fibrous variably coloredaluminiumboro-silicatemineral, Al7BO3(SiO4)3O3. It crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem typically forming fibrous aggregates of slenderprismaticcrystals. The crystals arevitreousand vary in color frombrown,blue, andgreento more rarevioletandpink. Substitution ofironand other tri-valentelementsfor aluminium results in the color variations. It has aMohs hardnessof 7 and aspecific gravityof 3.3 to 3.4. Crystals showpleochroismfrom red to blue to violet. Dumortierite quartz is blue coloredquartzcontaining abundant dumortierite inclusions.\n\nDumortierite was first described in 1881 for an occurrence inChaponost, in theRhône-AlpsofFranceand named for the FrenchpaleontologistEugène Dumortier(1803–1873).It typically occurs in high temperature aluminium rich regionalmetamorphic rocks, those resulting fromcontact metamorphismand also in boron richpegmatites. The most extensive investigation on dumortierite was done on samples from the high grade metamorphicGfohl unitinAustriaby Fuchs et al. (2005).\n\nIt is used in the manufacture of high gradeporcelain. It is sometimes mistaken forsodaliteand has been used as imitationlapis lazuli.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dumorti%C3%A9rite.JPG/960px-Dumorti%C3%A9rite.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spectical_Bracelet_in_Dumortierite_and_Gold_by_Cora_Sheibani.jpg/960px-Spectical_Bracelet_in_Dumortierite_and_Gold_by_Cora_Sheibani.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumortierite",
    "day_of_year": 135
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 157,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hemimorphite",
    "formula": "Zn 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 ·H 2 O",
    "category": "Sorosilicates",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5–5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, adamantine, rarely silky",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.516–3.525",
    "color_description": "White, grey, blue",
    "color_hex": "#98d8e8",
    "description": "Hemimorphiteis thechemical compoundZn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O, a component ofmineralcalamine. It is asilicate mineralwhich, together withsmithsonite(ZnCO3), has been historically mined from the upper parts ofzincandleadores. Both compounds were originally believed to be the same mineral and classified ascalamine. In the second half of the 18th century, it was discovered that these two different compounds were both present in calamine. They closely resemble one another.\n\nThe silicate was the rarer of the two and was namedhemimorphitebecause of the hemimorph development of itscrystals. This unusual form, which is typical of only a few minerals, means that the crystals are terminated by dissimilar faces. The mineral's most common forms include massive crystalline crusts and layers; granular, rounded, and reniformaggregates, concentricallystriated; or finely needle-shaped, fibrous or stalactitic, and rarely fan-shaped clusters of crystals.\n\nSome specimens show strong greenfluorescencein shortwaveultravioletlight (253.7 nm) and weak light pink fluorescence in longwave UV.",
    "history": "Hemimorphite most frequently occurs as the product of theoxidationof the upper parts ofsphalerite-bearing ore bodies, accompanied by other secondary minerals which form the so-callediron caporgossan. Hemimorphite is an importantoreof zinc and contains up to 54.2% of the metal, together with silicon, oxygen and hydrogen. The crystals are blunt at one end and sharp at the other.\n\nThe regions on theBelgian-Germanborder are well known for their deposits of hemimorphite of metasomatic origin, especiallyVieille Montagnein Belgium andAachenin Germany. Other deposits are in theMissourilead-zinc district;Elkhorn,Montana;Leadville,Colorado;Organ Mountains,New Mexico; and nearPhoenixville,Pennsylvania(all in the United States); inTarnowskie Góryarea inUpper Silesia,Poland; and in several localities inNorth Africa. Further hemimorphite occurrences are the Padaeng deposit nearMae Sodin westernThailand;Sardinia;Nerchinsk,Siberia;Cave del Predil,Italy;Bleiberg,Carinthia,Austria; andMatlock,Derbyshire,England.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hemimorphite_-_Mapimi%2C_Durango%2C_Mexico.jpg/960px-Hemimorphite_-_Mapimi%2C_Durango%2C_Mexico.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Hemimorphite-227534.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Hemimorphite-278499.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimorphite",
    "day_of_year": 136
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 158,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Willemite",
    "formula": "Zn 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "3.9 – 4.2",
    "color_description": "Colorless to white, gray, black, flesh-red, burgundy-red, pink, brown, dark brown, mahogany-brown, honey-yellow, yellow, apple-green, blue, pastel green, light blue, azure-blue",
    "color_hex": "#70b020",
    "description": "Willemiteis a zincsilicate mineral(Zn2SiO4) and a minor ore of zinc. It is highlyfluorescent(green) under shortwaveultravioletlight. It occurs in a variety of colors in daylight, in fibrous masses and apple-green gemmy masses.Troostiteis a variant in which part of the zinc is partly replaced bymanganese, it occurs in solid brown masses.\n\nIt was discovered in 1829 in the BelgianVieille-Montagnemine.Armand Lévywas shown samples by a student at the university where he was teaching. Lévy named it afterWilliam I of the Netherlands(it is occasionally spelledvillemite).The troostite variety is named after Dutch-American mineralogistGerard Troost.\n\nWillemite is usually formed as an alteration of previously existingsphaleriteore bodies, and is usually associated withlimestone. It is also found in marble and may be the result of a metamorphism of earlierhemimorphiteorsmithsonite.Crystals have the form of hexagonal prisms terminated by rhombohedral planes: there are distinct cleavages parallel to the prism-faces and to the base. Granular and cleavage masses are of more common occurrence.It occurs in many places, but is best known from Arizona and the zinc, iron, manganese deposits atFranklinandSterling Hill MinesinNew Jersey. It often occurs with redzincite(zinc oxide) andfranklinite(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Fe,Mn)2O4(an iron rich zinc mineral occurring in sharp blackisometricoctahedral crystals and masses). Franklinite and zincite are not fluorescent.",
    "history": "Willemite is usually formed as an alteration of previously existingsphaleriteore bodies, and is usually associated withlimestone. It is also found in marble and may be the result of a metamorphism of earlierhemimorphiteorsmithsonite.Crystals have the form of hexagonal prisms terminated by rhombohedral planes: there are distinct cleavages parallel to the prism-faces and to the base. Granular and cleavage masses are of more common occurrence.It occurs in many places, but is best known from Arizona and the zinc, iron, manganese deposits atFranklinandSterling Hill MinesinNew Jersey. It often occurs with redzincite(zinc oxide) andfranklinite(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Fe,Mn)2O4(an iron rich zinc mineral occurring in sharp blackisometricoctahedral crystals and masses). Franklinite and zincite are not fluorescent.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Willemite-168225.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Willemite_2_variety_troostite_zinc_orthosilicate_Franklin_Sussex_County_New_Jersey_1907.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Willemite.png/960px-Willemite.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Willemite_in_natural_and_ultraviolet_light.jpg/960px-Willemite_in_natural_and_ultraviolet_light.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willemite",
    "day_of_year": 137
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 159,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Phenakite",
    "formula": "Be 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5–8",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.93–3.00",
    "color_description": "Colorless, yellow, pink, brown",
    "color_hex": "#e0e0d8",
    "description": "Phenakiteorphenaciteis a fairly rarenesosilicatemineralconsisting ofberylliumorthosilicate,Be2SiO4. Occasionally used as agemstone, phenakite occurs as isolatedcrystals, which arerhombohedralwith parallel-faced hemihedrism, and are either lenticular or prismatic in habit: the lenticular habit is determined by the development of faces of several obtuse rhombohedra and the absence of prism faces. There is nocleavage, and the fracture isconchoidal. TheMohs hardnessis high, being 7.5–8; thespecific gravityis 2.96. The crystals are sometimes perfectly colorless and transparent, but more often they are greyish or yellowish and only translucent; occasionally they are pale rose-red. In general appearance the mineral is not unlikequartz, for which indeed it has been mistaken.Its name comes fromAncient Greek:φέναξ,romanized:phénax, meaning \"deceiver\" due to its close visual similarity to quartz,named byNils Gustaf Nordenskiöldin 1833.\n\nA large phenakite gemstone has been found inSri Lanka. Found on November 18, 2021, this gemstone weighs 616.9 carats which makes it the largest of its kind. It is owned by a gem dealer from Beruwala, Sri Lanka, and reported to be worth aroundSL Rs.1 billion(US $5 million).\n\nPhenakite is found in high-temperature pegmatite veins and inmica-schistsassociated with quartz,chrysoberyl,apatiteandtopaz. It has long been known from theemeraldand chrysoberyl mine on the Takovaya stream, nearYekaterinburgin theUralsofRussia, where large crystals occur in mica-schist. It is also found with topaz andamazonitein thegraniteof the Ilmen Mountains in the southern Urals and of thePikes Peakregion inColorado, US.Additionally in Colorado, phenakite is found in theMount Anteroarea withaquamarine,bertrandite, andfluorite.Small, gem grade individual crystals of phenakite showing a prismatic habit are noted inberyldissolution cavities at the Noumas II Pegmatite, part of the Orange River pegmatite belt in the Northern Cape ofSouth Africa.Large crystals of prismatic habit have been found in afeldsparquarry atKragerøinNorway. Framont near Schirmeck inAlsaceis another well-known locality. Still larger crystals, measuring 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter and weighing 28 lb (13 kg). have been found at Greenwood inMaine, but these arepseudomorphsof quartz after phenakite.",
    "history": "Phenakite is found in high-temperature pegmatite veins and inmica-schistsassociated with quartz,chrysoberyl,apatiteandtopaz. It has long been known from theemeraldand chrysoberyl mine on the Takovaya stream, nearYekaterinburgin theUralsofRussia, where large crystals occur in mica-schist. It is also found with topaz andamazonitein thegraniteof the Ilmen Mountains in the southern Urals and of thePikes Peakregion inColorado, US.Additionally in Colorado, phenakite is found in theMount Anteroarea withaquamarine,bertrandite, andfluorite.Small, gem grade individual crystals of phenakite showing a prismatic habit are noted inberyldissolution cavities at the Noumas II Pegmatite, part of the Orange River pegmatite belt in the Northern Cape ofSouth Africa.Large crystals of prismatic habit have been found in afeldsparquarry atKragerøinNorway. Framont near Schirmeck inAlsaceis another well-known locality. Still larger crystals, measuring 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter and weighing 28 lb (13 kg). have been found at Greenwood inMaine, but these arepseudomorphsof quartz after phenakite.\n\nFor gem purposes the stone is cut in the brilliant form, of which there are two fine examples, weighing 34 and 43 carats (6.8 and 8.6 g), in theBritish Museum. The indices of refraction are higher than those of quartz,berylor topaz; a faceted phenakite is consequently rather brilliant and may sometimes be mistaken fordiamond.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Fenacitas.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Largest_Phenakite_in_the_World.jpg/960px-Largest_Phenakite_in_the_World.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Phenakite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Phenakite.GIF/960px-Phenakite.GIF"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakite",
    "day_of_year": 138
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 160,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Euclase",
    "formula": "BeAlSiO 4 (OH)",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.99 - 3.1",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, pale green to deep yellowish green, greenish blue, pale blue to deep blue, and light red",
    "color_hex": "#80b8d8",
    "description": "Euclaseis aberylliumaluminiumhydroxidesilicatemineral (BeAlSiO4(OH)). It crystallizes in themonocliniccrystal systemand is typically massive to fibrous as well as in slender prismatic crystals. It is related toberyl(Be3Al2Si6O18) and other beryllium minerals. It is a product of the decomposition of beryl inpegmatites.Euclase occurs mostly in association with minerals like:quartz,muscovite,fluorite,albite,rutile,schorlandcalcite.\n\nEuclase crystals are noted for their blue color, ranging from very pale to dark blue. The mineral may also be colorless, white, or light green.Cleavageis perfect, parallel to theclinopinacoid, and this suggested toRené Just Haüythe name euclase, from the Greekεὖ, easily, andκλάσις, fracture. The ready cleavage renders the crystals fragile with a tendency to chip, and thus detracts from its use for personal ornament. When cut, it resembles certain kinds of beryl andtopaz, from which it may be distinguished by its specific gravity (3.1). Its hardness (7.5) is similar to beryl (7.5 - 8), and a bit less than that of topaz (8).It was first reported in 1792 from theOrenburgdistrict in the southernUrals,Russia, where it is found with topaz andchrysoberylin the gold-bearing gravels of the Sanarka (nowadays probably,Sakmara River,Mednogorsk district,Orenburgskaya Oblast'). Itstype localityis Ouro Prêto,Minas Gerais, Southeast Region,Brazil,where it occurs with topaz. It is found rarely in themica-schistof theRaurisin the Austrian Alps.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Euclase-denv08-26a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Euclase-21998.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclase",
    "day_of_year": 139
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 161,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Bertrandite",
    "formula": "Be 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Sorosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.59–2.60",
    "color_description": "Colorless to pale yellow",
    "color_hex": "#d8d0c0",
    "description": "Bertranditeis aberylliumsorosilicatehydroxidemineral with composition: Be4Si2O7(OH)2. Bertrandite is a colorless to pale yelloworthorhombicmineral with ahardnessof 6–7.\n\nIt is commonly found in beryllium richpegmatitesand is in part an alteration ofberyl. Bertrandite often occurs as apseudomorphicreplacement of beryl. Associated minerals include beryl,phenakite,herderite,tourmaline,muscovite,fluoriteandquartz.\n\nIt was discovered nearNantes, Francein 1883 and named afterFrenchmineralogist,Emile Bertrand(1844–1909).",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Bertrandite-38545.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrandite",
    "day_of_year": 140
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 162,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chrysoprase",
    "formula": "SiO 2",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal ( quartz ), monoclinic ( moganite )",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0–7.0",
    "luster": "Greasy, waxy",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.651–2.91",
    "color_description": "Olive to applegreen",
    "color_hex": "#79a868",
    "description": "Chrysoprase,chrysophraseorchrysoprasusis agemstonevariety ofchalcedony(acryptocrystallineform ofsilica) that contains small quantities ofnickel. Its color is normally apple-green, but varies fromturquoise-like cyan to deep green. The darker varieties of chrysoprase are also referred to asprase. (However, the term prase is also used to describechlorite-included quartz, and to a certain extent is a color-descriptor, rather than a rigorously defined mineral variety.)\n\nChrysoprase is cryptocrystalline, which means that it is composed of crystals so fine that they cannot be seen as distinct particles under normal magnification. This sets it apart from rock crystal,amethyst,citrine, and the other varieties of crystalline quartz. Other members of the cryptocrystalline silica family includeagate,carnelian, andonyx. Unlike many non-transparent silica minerals, it is the color of chrysoprase, rather than any pattern of markings, that makes it desirable. The word chrysoprase comes from theGreekχρυσόςchrysosmeaning 'gold' andπράσινονprasinon, meaning 'green'.\n\nUnlikeemeraldwhich owes its green color to the presence ofchromium, the color of chrysoprase is due to trace amounts ofnickelcompounds in the form of very small inclusions. The nickel reportedly occurs as different silicates, likekeroliteorpimelite(not NiO mineral,bunsenite, as was reported before). Chrysoprase results from the deep weathering orlateritizationof nickeliferousserpentinitesor otherultramaficophioliterocks. In the Australian deposits, chrysoprase occurs as veins and nodules with browngoethiteand otheriron oxidesin themagnesite-richsaprolitebelow an iron and silica cap.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chryzopras_Polsko.jpg/960px-Chryzopras_Polsko.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoprase",
    "day_of_year": 141
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 163,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Carnelian",
    "formula": "SiO 2 ( silicon dioxide )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal ( quartz ), monoclinic ( moganite )",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.0",
    "luster": "Waxy to resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.58–2.64",
    "color_description": "Reddish, orange, brownish",
    "color_hex": "#b5462a",
    "description": "Carnelian(also spelledcornelian)is a brownish-redmineralcommonly used as asemiprecious stone. Similar to carnelian issard, which is generally harder and darker; the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably. Both carnelian and sard are varieties of thesilicamineralchalcedonycolored by impurities ofiron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. Significant localities includeYanacodo, Peru andRatnapura, Sri Lanka.It has been found inIndonesia,Brazil,India,Iran,Russia(Siberia), andGermany.\n\nThe red variety of chalcedony has been known to be used as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the VarnaChalcolithicnecropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BC).Thebow drillwas used to drill holes into carnelian inMehrgarhin the 4th–5th millennium BC.Etched carnelian beadswere manufactured by the Indus Valley Civilization during the 3rd millennium BCE. Carnelian was recovered fromBronze AgeMinoanlayers atKnossosonCretein a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;this use dates to approximately 1800BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to makeengraved gemsfor signet orseal ringsfor imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents, as hot wax does not stick to carnelian.Sard was used forAssyriancylinder seals,EgyptianandPhoenicianscarabs, and earlyGreekand Etruscan gems.TheHebrewodem(also translated assardius), was the first stone in theHigh Priest's breastplate, a red stone, probably sard but perhaps redjasper.InRevelation 4:3, the One seated on the heavenly throne seen in the vision ofJohn the Apostleis said to \"look like jasper andσαρδίῳ(sardiustransliterated).\" And likewise it is in Revelation 21:20 as one of the precious stones in the foundations of the wall of the heavenly city.\n\nThere is aNeo-Assyrianseal made of carnelian in the Western Asiatic Seals collection of theBritish Museumthat showsIshtar-Gulaas a star goddess. She is holding a ring of royal authority and is seated on a throne. She is shown with the spade ofMarduk(his symbol), Sibbiti (seven) gods, the stylus ofNabuand a worshiper. An 8th century BC carnelian seal from the collection of theAshmolean Museumin Oxford shows Ishtar-Gula with her dog facing the spade of Marduk and his red dragon.",
    "history": "The red variety of chalcedony has been known to be used as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the VarnaChalcolithicnecropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BC).Thebow drillwas used to drill holes into carnelian inMehrgarhin the 4th–5th millennium BC.Etched carnelian beadswere manufactured by the Indus Valley Civilization during the 3rd millennium BCE. Carnelian was recovered fromBronze AgeMinoanlayers atKnossosonCretein a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;this use dates to approximately 1800BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to makeengraved gemsfor signet orseal ringsfor imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents, as hot wax does not stick to carnelian.Sard was used forAssyriancylinder seals,EgyptianandPhoenicianscarabs, and earlyGreekand Etruscan gems.TheHebrewodem(also translated assardius), was the first stone in theHigh Priest's breastplate, a red stone, probably sard but perhaps redjasper.InRevelation 4:3, the One seated on the heavenly throne seen in the vision ofJohn the Apostleis said to \"look like jasper andσαρδίῳ(sardiustransliterated).\" And likewise it is in Revelation 21:20 as one of the precious stones in the foundations of the wall of the heavenly city.\n\nThere is aNeo-Assyrianseal made of carnelian in the Western Asiatic Seals collection of theBritish Museumthat showsIshtar-Gulaas a star goddess. She is holding a ring of royal authority and is seated on a throne. She is shown with the spade ofMarduk(his symbol), Sibbiti (seven) gods, the stylus ofNabuand a worshiper. An 8th century BC carnelian seal from the collection of theAshmolean Museumin Oxford shows Ishtar-Gula with her dog facing the spade of Marduk and his red dragon.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cornelian_necklace_BM_GR1897.4-1.623.jpg/960px-Cornelian_necklace_BM_GR1897.4-1.623.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/960px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Egyptian_-_Necklace_-_Walters_571515_-_Detail_F.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Carnelian_sard_%28mineral_specimen%29.jpg/960px-Carnelian_sard_%28mineral_specimen%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelian",
    "day_of_year": 142
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 164,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Jasper",
    "formula": "SiO 2 (with varying impurities)",
    "category": "Aggregate rock (impure chalcedony variety)",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.5–2.9",
    "color_description": "Most commonly red, but may be yellow, brown, green or (rarely) blue",
    "color_hex": "#ce4a2f",
    "description": "Jasper, anaggregateofmicrogranularquartzand/orcryptocrystallinechalcedonyand other mineral phases,is anopaque,impure variety ofsilica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. The common red color is due toiron(III)inclusions. Jasper breaks with a smooth surface and is used for ornamentation or as agemstone. It can be highly polished and is used for items such as vases,seals, andsnuff boxes. Thedensityof jasper is typically 2.5 to 2.9 g/cm3.Jaspilliteis abanded-iron-formationrock that often has distinctive bands of jasper.\n\nThe name means \"spotted or speckled stone,\" and is derived viaOld Frenchjaspre(variant ofAnglo-Normanjaspe) andLatiniaspidem(nom.iaspis) fromGreekἴασπιςiaspis(feminine noun),from anAfroasiatic language(cf.Hebrewישפהyashpeh,Akkadianyashupu).This Semitic etymology is believed to be unrelated to that of the English given nameJasper, which is ofPersianorigin,[a]though the Persian word for the mineral jasper is alsoyashum(یَشم).\n\nGreen jasper was used to makebow drillsinMehrgarhbetween 4th and5th millennium BC.Jasper is known to have been a favorite gem in the ancient world; its name can be traced back inArabic, Persian, Hebrew, Assyrian, Greek andLatin.OnMinoanCrete, jasper was carved to produce seals circa 1800 BC, as evidenced by archaeological recoveries at the palace ofKnossos.",
    "history": "The name means \"spotted or speckled stone,\" and is derived viaOld Frenchjaspre(variant ofAnglo-Normanjaspe) andLatiniaspidem(nom.iaspis) fromGreekἴασπιςiaspis(feminine noun),from anAfroasiatic language(cf.Hebrewישפהyashpeh,Akkadianyashupu).This Semitic etymology is believed to be unrelated to that of the English given nameJasper, which is ofPersianorigin,[a]though the Persian word for the mineral jasper is alsoyashum(یَشم).\n\nGreen jasper was used to makebow drillsinMehrgarhbetween 4th and5th millennium BC.Jasper is known to have been a favorite gem in the ancient world; its name can be traced back inArabic, Persian, Hebrew, Assyrian, Greek andLatin.OnMinoanCrete, jasper was carved to produce seals circa 1800 BC, as evidenced by archaeological recoveries at the palace ofKnossos.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jasper_%2832132824820%29.jpg/960px-Jasper_%2832132824820%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Jasper-poloski.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Jasper.pebble.600pix.bkg.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Cherry_Creek_Jasper_%28China%29_%2840126258670%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper",
    "day_of_year": 143
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 165,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Agate",
    "formula": "SiO 2 ( silicon dioxide )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal ( quartz ) or monoclinic ( moganite )",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Waxy, vitreous when polished",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.60–2.64",
    "color_description": "Often multicolored; commonly colorless, pale blue to black, red to orange, yellow, white, brown, pink, purple; rarely green",
    "color_hex": "#b0a090",
    "description": "Agate(/ˈæɡɪt/AG-it) is a variously translucent, banded variety ofchalcedony. Agate stones are characterized by alternating bands of different colored chalcedony and may also include visiblequartzcrystals. They are common in nature and can be found globally in a large number of different varieties. There are some varieties of chalcedony without bands that are commonly called agate (moss agate,fire agate, etc.); however, these are not true agates. Moreover, not every banded chalcedony is an agate; for example, bandedchertforms via different processes and is opaque. Agates primarily form as nodules withinvolcanic rock, but they can also form inveinsorsilicifiedfossils. Agate has been popular as agemstoneinjewelryfor thousands of years, and today it is also popular as a collector's stone. Some duller agates sold commercially are artificially treated to enhance their color.\n\nAgate was given its name byTheophrastus, aGreekphilosopherandnaturalist. He discovered the stonec.350 BCEalong the shoreline of the River Achates (Ancient Greek:Ἀχάτης), now theDirillo River, on theItalianisland ofSicily, which at the time was a Greek territory.: 52, 162\n\nAgate is composed principally of chalcedony,amicroscopic(microcrystalline) and submicroscopic (cryptocrystalline) form of quartz that grows in fibers. The chemical composition of quartz isSiO2, also known assilica. Normally, between 1% and 20% of the \"quartz\" in chalcedony is actuallymoganite, a quartzpolymorph.Unlikemacroscopic(macrocrystalline) quartz, which isanhydrous, chalcedony normally contains very small amounts of water bound to its crystal structure.: 11",
    "history": "Agate was given its name byTheophrastus, aGreekphilosopherandnaturalist. He discovered the stonec.350 BCEalong the shoreline of the River Achates (Ancient Greek:Ἀχάτης), now theDirillo River, on theItalianisland ofSicily, which at the time was a Greek territory.: 52, 162",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Agate_Braziilia.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Eyeballed_by_all_the_eye_agates_%2827395607964%29.jpg/960px-Eyeballed_by_all_the_eye_agates_%2827395607964%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Detail%2C_Dendritic_agate_%28cropped%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Four_moss_agate_cabochons.jpg/960px-Four_moss_agate_cabochons.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate",
    "day_of_year": 144
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 166,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Onyx",
    "formula": "SiO 2 ( silicon dioxide )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal ( quartz ), Monoclinic ( moganite )",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.55–2.70",
    "color_description": "Black and white; red to brown with black or white (sardonyx)",
    "color_hex": "#353839",
    "description": "Onyxis a typically black-and-white banded variety ofagate, asilicate mineral. The bands can also be monochromatic with alternating light and dark bands.Sardonyxis a variety with red to brown bands alternated with black or white bands. The name \"onyx\" is also frequently used forlevel-banded(parallel-banded) agates, but in proper usage it refers to color pattern not band structure.Onyx, as a descriptive term, has also been incorrectly applied to parallel-banded varieties ofalabaster,marble,calcite,obsidian, andopal, and misleadingly to materials with contorted banding, such as \"cave onyx\" and \"Mexican onyx\".\n\nOnyxcomes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the Ancient Greekὄνυξ(onyx), meaning'claw'or'fingernail'. Onyx with pink and white bands can sometimes resemble a fingernail.The English word \"nail\" iscognatewith the Greek word.\n\nOnyx is formed ofchalcedonybands in alternating colors. It iscryptocrystalline, consisting of fine intergrowths of thesilicamineralsquartzandmoganite. Its bands are parallel, unlike the more chaotic banding that often occurs inagates.",
    "history": "Onyxcomes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the Ancient Greekὄνυξ(onyx), meaning'claw'or'fingernail'. Onyx with pink and white bands can sometimes resemble a fingernail.The English word \"nail\" iscognatewith the Greek word.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Agate-Quartz-49959.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Red_onyx_-_Handicraft.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Black_Onyx.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Vienna_June_2006_031.jpg/960px-Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Vienna_June_2006_031.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx",
    "day_of_year": 145
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 167,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chalcedony",
    "formula": "SiO 2 ( silica )",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal ( quartz ) or monoclinic ( moganite )",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–7",
    "luster": "Waxy, vitreous, dull, greasy, silky",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.59–2.61",
    "color_description": "Various",
    "color_hex": "#c8d0d8",
    "description": "Chalcedony(/kælˈsɛdəni/kal-SED-ə-neeor/ˈkælsəˌdoʊni/KAL-sə-doh-nee)is acryptocrystallineform ofsilica, composed of very fine intergrowths ofquartzandmoganite.These are both silicaminerals, but they differ in that quartz has atrigonalcrystal structure, while moganite ismonoclinic. Chalcedony's standardchemical structure(based on thechemical compositionof quartz) isSiO2(silicon dioxide).\n\nChalcedony has a waxyluster, and may besemitransparent or translucent. It can assume a wide range of colors, but those most commonly seen are white to gray, grayish-blue or a shade of brown ranging from pale to nearly black. The color of chalcedony sold commercially is often enhanced by dyeing or heating.\n\nThe namechalcedonycomes from the Latinchalcedonius(alternatively spelledcalchedonius) and is probably derived from the town ofChalcedoninAsia Minor.According to theOnline Etymology Dictionary, however, a connection with the town of Chalcedon is \"very doubtful\".The name appears inPliny the Elder'sNaturalis Historiaas a term for a translucent kind ofjaspis.",
    "history": "Chalcedony was used in tool making as early asc.32,000BPinCentral Australiawhere archaeological studies at sites in the Cleland Hills uncovered flakes from stone brought in from quarries many kilometres away.Pre-contact uses described in the twentieth century included ceremonial stone knives.\n\nChalcedony was used for green and yellow color in prehistoric cave paintings, for example at theBhimbetka rock shelters. The chalcedony was ground to powder form then mixed with water and animal fat or tree resin or gum.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Quartz-46809.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Quartz_-_Agateplate%2C_redbrown-white.jpg/960px-Quartz_-_Agateplate%2C_redbrown-white.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Carnelian_sard_%28mineral_specimen%29.jpg/960px-Carnelian_sard_%28mineral_specimen%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chryzopras_Polsko.jpg/960px-Chryzopras_Polsko.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedony",
    "day_of_year": 146
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 168,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tiger's eye",
    "formula": "Silica ( SiO 2 )",
    "category": "Minerals",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Silky",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.64–2.71",
    "color_description": "golden to red-brown",
    "color_hex": "#b8860b",
    "description": "Tiger's eye(also calledtiger eye) is achatoyantgemstonethat is usually ametamorphic rockwith a golden to red-brown colour and asilky lustre. As members of thequartzgroup, tiger's eye and the related blue-coloured mineral hawk's eye gain their silky, lustrous appearance from the parallel intergrowth of quartz crystals and alteredamphibolefibres that have mostly turned intolimonite.\n\nTiger ironis an alteredrockcomposed chiefly of tiger's eye, redjasperand blackhematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and lustre make for an attractive motif and it is mainly used for jewellery-making and ornamentation. Tiger iron is a popular ornamental material used in a variety of applications, from beads to knifehilts.\n\nTiger iron is mined primarily in South Africa and Western Australia. Tiger's eye is composed chiefly ofsilicon dioxide(SiO2) and is coloured mainly by iron oxide. Thespecific gravityranges from 2.64 to 2.71.It is formed by the alteration ofcrocidolite.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tiger%27s_eye.jpg/960px-Tiger%27s_eye.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Quartz_-_Tigers-Eye_-_raw_stone_from_Southafrica.jpg/960px-Quartz_-_Tigers-Eye_-_raw_stone_from_Southafrica.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tigers_eye_egg_shape.jpg/960px-Tigers_eye_egg_shape.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blue_tiger_eye_-_falcon_eye.jpg/960px-Blue_tiger_eye_-_falcon_eye.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger's_eye",
    "day_of_year": 147
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 169,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Hawk's eye",
    "formula": "Silica ( SiO 2 )",
    "category": "Minerals",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7",
    "luster": "Silky",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.64–2.71",
    "color_description": "golden to red-brown",
    "color_hex": "#4c6c8c",
    "description": "Tiger's eye(also calledtiger eye) is achatoyantgemstonethat is usually ametamorphic rockwith a golden to red-brown colour and asilky lustre. As members of thequartzgroup, tiger's eye and the related blue-coloured mineral hawk's eye gain their silky, lustrous appearance from the parallel intergrowth of quartz crystals and alteredamphibolefibres that have mostly turned intolimonite.\n\nTiger ironis an alteredrockcomposed chiefly of tiger's eye, redjasperand blackhematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and lustre make for an attractive motif and it is mainly used for jewellery-making and ornamentation. Tiger iron is a popular ornamental material used in a variety of applications, from beads to knifehilts.\n\nTiger iron is mined primarily in South Africa and Western Australia. Tiger's eye is composed chiefly ofsilicon dioxide(SiO2) and is coloured mainly by iron oxide. Thespecific gravityranges from 2.64 to 2.71.It is formed by the alteration ofcrocidolite.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tiger%27s_eye.jpg/960px-Tiger%27s_eye.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Quartz_-_Tigers-Eye_-_raw_stone_from_Southafrica.jpg/960px-Quartz_-_Tigers-Eye_-_raw_stone_from_Southafrica.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tigers_eye_egg_shape.jpg/960px-Tigers_eye_egg_shape.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blue_tiger_eye_-_falcon_eye.jpg/960px-Blue_tiger_eye_-_falcon_eye.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk's_eye",
    "day_of_year": 148
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 170,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Aventurine",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#568b52",
    "description": "Aventurineis a form ofquartzite, characterised by its translucency and the presence ofplatymineralinclusionsthat give it a shimmering or glistening effect termedaventurescence.\n\nThe most common color of aventurine is green, but it can also be orange, brown, yellow, blue, or grey. Chrome-bearingfuchsite(a variety ofmuscovitemica) is the classic inclusion and gives a silvery green or blue sheen. Oranges and browns are attributed tohematiteorgoethite. Because aventurine is arock, its physical properties vary: itsspecific gravitymay lie between 2.64–2.69 and itshardnessis somewhat lower than single-crystal quartz at around 6.5.\n\nAventurine feldsparorsunstonecan be confused with orange and red aventurine quartzite, although the former is generally of a higher transparency. Aventurine is often banded and an overabundance of fuchsite may render it opaque, in which case it may be mistaken formalachiteat first glance.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Aventurine.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AventurinGeschliffen.jpg/960px-AventurinGeschliffen.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventurine",
    "day_of_year": 150
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 171,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Amazonite",
    "formula": "KAlSi 3 O 8",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.0–6.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.56–2.58",
    "color_description": "Green, blue-green",
    "color_hex": "#4c8c7a",
    "description": "Amazonite, also known asamazonstone,is a greentectosilicatemineral, a variety of the potassium feldspar calledmicrocline.Itschemical formulais KAlSi3O8,which ispolymorphictoorthoclase.\n\nThe name is derived from theAmazon River, from which green stones were once believed to have been obtained, although it remains uncertain whether those stones were actually amazonite.Although amazonite has been used for jewellery for more than three thousand years, as evidenced by archaeological finds in Middle and New Kingdom Egyptand Mesopotamia, it is not mentioned by any ancient or medieval sources. It was first described as a distinct mineral in the 18th century.\n\nGreen and greenish-blue varieties of potassium feldspars that are predominantly triclinic are designated as amazonite.It has been described as a \"beautiful crystallized variety of a bright verdigris-green\"and as possessing a \"lively green colour\".It is occasionally cut and used as agemstone.",
    "history": "Amazonite is a mineral of limited occurrence. In Bronze Age Egypt, it was mined in the southern Eastern Desert at Gebel Migif. In early modern times, it was obtained almost exclusively from the area ofMiassin theIlmensky Mountains, 50 miles (80 km) southwest ofChelyabinsk,Russia, where it occurs ingranitic rocks.\n\nAmazonite is now known to occur in various places around the world. Those places are, among others, as follows:",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Microcline-Quartz-Albite-48224.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Amazonite%2C_quartz_300-3-7927.JPG/960px-Amazonite%2C_quartz_300-3-7927.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Microcline-179612.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Microcline-Quartz-206935.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonite",
    "day_of_year": 151
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 172,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Larvikite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#4a5060",
    "description": "Larvikiteis anigneous rock, specifically a variety ofmonzonite,notable for the presence of thumbnail-sizedcrystalsoffeldspar. These feldspars are known asternarybecause they contain significant components of all threeendmemberfeldspars.\n\nThe feldspar has partly unmixed on the micro-scale to form aperthite, and the presence of the alternatingalkali feldsparandplagioclaselayers give its characteristic silver-blueschillereffect (calledlabradorescence) on polished surfaces.Olivinecan be present along withapatite, and locallyquartz. Larvikite is usually rich intitanium, withtitanaugiteand/ortitanomagnetitepresent.\n\nLarvikite occurs in the LarvikBatholith(also called the Larvik Plutonic Complex), a suite of ten igneousplutonsemplaced in theOslo Rift(Oslo Graben) surrounded by ~1.1 billion year oldSveconorwegiangneisses. The Larvik Batholith is ofPermianage, about 292–298 million years old.Larvikite is also found in the Killala Lake Alkalic Rock Complex nearThunder BayinOntario, Canada.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larvikite.jpg/960px-Larvikite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Larvikite_quarry_Larvik.jpg/960px-Larvikite_quarry_Larvik.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Blue_Pearl_Granite_%28larvikite%29_Larvik_Batholith_Norway.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/400-lys-labrabor.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvikite",
    "day_of_year": 152
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 173,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Charoite",
    "formula": "K(Ca,Na) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH,F)•H 2 O",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 - 6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.54 - 2.58",
    "color_description": "Violet, lilac, light brown",
    "color_hex": "#7b4e8a",
    "description": "Charoite(/tʃæroʊ.aɪt/CHAR-ow-ait) is a raresilicate mineralwith thechemical compositionK(Ca,Na)2Si4O10(OH,F)•H2O, first described in 1978. It is named after theChara River, despite its being 70 kilometres (43 mi) away from the discovery place.When it was discovered, it was thought to be a fake, dyed purple to give it its striking appearance.\n\nCharoite is translucent lavender to purple in color with a pearly luster.  Charoite is strictly massive in nature, and fractures areconchoidal. It has an unusual swirling, fibrous appearance, sometimeschatoyant, and that, along with its intense color, can lead many to believe at first that it is synthetic or enhanced artificially. Though reportedly discovered in the 1940s, it was not known to most of the world until its description in 1978. It is said to be opaque and unattractive when found in the field; a fact that may have contributed to its late recognition.Charoite consists of oxygen (43.75%), silicon (27.65%) and calcium (17.53%) mainly, but its composition includes potassium (10.69%) - which gives it its radioactive properties - and hydrogen (0.39%) as well. It has a barely detectable, 0.65% radioactivity concentration perGamma Ray American Petroleum Institute Units.\n\nInclusions mainly come in the swirly patterns of the mineral.The black spots on some specimens are eitheraugiteoraegirine, the latter occurring in almost all charoites since they commonly grow together. Larger round greenish spots arefeldspar. Lighter colored stones or ones with translucent areas are likely due tocanasite. The yellowish brown spots aretinaksite, which was discovered at the same time as charoite was. Charoite's silky, fibrous structure results in a shimmery looking polished stone. Sometimes, the very white flashes are tiny white feldspar.Sugilitesand charoites can be confused, as both are purple, and sugilite can have black and white inclusions, however sugilite lacks the swirling pattern that are present in charoite stones, and it also lacks the chatoyant effect.",
    "history": "It has been reported only from theAldan Shield,Sakha Republic, Siberia, Russia. It is found where asyeniteof theMurun Massifhas intruded into and alteredlimestonedeposits producing apotassium feldsparmetasomatite,and forms between 200 - 250 °C.Tinaksite, canasite and charoite are associated and black aegirine is also common where these three minerals grow. Common impurities includealuminium,iron,manganese,strontiumandbarium.Charoitite is a rock like lapis lazuli, but unlike the latter one, charoitite mostly consists of the mineral charoite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Charoitite%2C_sw_Yakutia_Siberia.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/2000_Charoite_613.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Czaroit1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoite",
    "day_of_year": 153
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 174,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Sugilite",
    "formula": "KNa 2 (Fe,Mn,Al) 2 Li 3 Si 12 O 30",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "6– 6 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.74",
    "color_description": "Light brownish-yellow, purple, violet, reddish violet, pale pink, colorless",
    "color_hex": "#8b4789",
    "description": "Sugilite(/ˈsuːɡəlaɪt,-dʒi-/SOO-gə-lyte, -⁠jee-)is a relatively rare pink to purplecyclosilicatemineral with the complex chemical formulaKNa2(Fe,Mn,Al)2Li3Si12O30. Sugilite crystallizes in thehexagonalsystem with prismatic crystals. The crystals are rarely found and the form is usually massive. It has aMohs hardnessof 5.5–6.5 and aspecific gravityof 2.75–2.80. It is mostly translucent.\nSugilite was first described in 1944 by theJapanesepetrologistKen-ichi Sugi (1901–1948) for an occurrence on Iwagi Islet,Japan, where it is found in anaegirinesyeniteintrusivestock. It is found in a similar environment atMont Saint-Hilaire,Quebec,Canada. In the Wessels mine inNorthern Cape ProvinceofSouth Africa, sugilite is mined from astrata-boundmanganesedeposit. It is also reported fromLiguriaandTuscany,Italy;New South Wales,AustraliaandMadhya Pradesh,India.\n\nSugilite is commonly pronounced with a soft \"g\", as in \"ginger\". However, as with most minerals, its pronunciation is intended to be the same as the person it is named after; in this case, the Japanese name Sugi has a hard \"g\", as in \"geese\".\n\nThe mineral is also referred to as lavulite, luvulite, and royal azel by gem and mineral collectors.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Smithsonian_Exhibit_Stone.jpg/960px-Smithsonian_Exhibit_Stone.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sugilite-162617.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Owl_in_sugilite_9_cm_high_arp.jpg/960px-Owl_in_sugilite_9_cm_high_arp.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/960px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugilite",
    "day_of_year": 154
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 175,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Larimar",
    "formula": "NaCa 2 Si 3 O 8 (OH)",
    "category": "Inosilicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5 - 5",
    "luster": "Silky, subvitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.84 - 2.90",
    "color_description": "Shades of blue, blue-green",
    "color_hex": "#88c8de",
    "description": "Larimaris the tradename for a rare blue variety of thesilicate mineralpectolitefound only inDominican Republic, around the city ofBarahona.Its coloration varies from bluish white, light-blue, light-green, green-blue, turquoise blue, turquoise green, turquoise blue-green, deep green, dark green, to deep blue, dark blue and purple, violet and indigo and the larimar can come in many varieties and color mixes.\n\nDominican Republic's Ministry of Mining records show that Father Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren of theBarahonaParish requested permission on 22 November 1916 to explore and exploit the mine of a certain blue rock that he had discovered.Pectoliteswere not yet known in Dominican Republic, and the request was rejected.\n\nMiguel Méndez andPeace Corpsvolunteer Norman Rilling rediscovered Larimar in 1974 on a beach at the foot of theBahoruco Mountain Range, the coastal province of Barahona.  Natives believed that the stone came from the sea, and they called the gemBlue Stone. Méndez took his young daughter's name Larissa and theSpanishword for sea (mar) and formedLarimar, to suggest the colors of the Caribbean Sea where it was found. The few stones that they found werealluvialsediment, washed into the sea by the Bahoruco River. An upstream search revealed thein situoutcropsin the range and soon theLos Chupaderosmine was formed.",
    "history": "Dominican Republic's Ministry of Mining records show that Father Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren of theBarahonaParish requested permission on 22 November 1916 to explore and exploit the mine of a certain blue rock that he had discovered.Pectoliteswere not yet known in Dominican Republic, and the request was rejected.\n\nMiguel Méndez andPeace Corpsvolunteer Norman Rilling rediscovered Larimar in 1974 on a beach at the foot of theBahoruco Mountain Range, the coastal province of Barahona.  Natives believed that the stone came from the sea, and they called the gemBlue Stone. Méndez took his young daughter's name Larissa and theSpanishword for sea (mar) and formedLarimar, to suggest the colors of the Caribbean Sea where it was found. The few stones that they found werealluvialsediment, washed into the sea by the Bahoruco River. An upstream search revealed thein situoutcropsin the range and soon theLos Chupaderosmine was formed.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Larimar.jpg/960px-Larimar.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Larimar_1%28R%C3%A9publique_Dominicaine%29.jpg/960px-Larimar_1%28R%C3%A9publique_Dominicaine%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimar",
    "day_of_year": 155
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 176,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pietersite",
    "formula": "SiO 2",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "7",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "Brown-red, blue-gray, yellow",
    "color_hex": "#4a5c40",
    "description": "Pietersiteis a commercial term for a variety of the mineralchalcedony. Originating fromNamibiaandChina, where it is mined for use as a decorative stone due to its chaoticchatoyancyandbrecciatedstructure.\n\nRanging in colour from brownish-red, to blue-grey, and chatoyant yellow. The Chinese variety are predominantly a reddish-brown, with regions of chatoyant blue and yellow. The Namibian variety are less varied, being predominantly a chatoyant blue-grey, with less common reddish-browns and yellows.\n\nIt was first described in Namibia in 1962and was discovered inXichuan- in theHenan Provinceof China - in 1966.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pietersit_01.jpg/960px-Pietersit_01.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietersite",
    "day_of_year": 156
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 177,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Moldavite",
    "formula": "SiO 2 (+Al 2 O 3 )",
    "category": "Glass",
    "crystal_system": "Amorphous",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5 [ 1 ] to 7 [ 2 ]",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.32 to 2.38",
    "color_description": "Olive green",
    "color_hex": "#6b8e23",
    "description": "Moldavite(Czech:vltavín) is a forest green, olive green or blue greenishvitreoussilicaprojectileglassformed by ameteoriteimpact in southern Germany (Nördlinger RiesCrater)that occurred about 15 million years ago.It is a type oftektiteand agemstone.Material ejected from the impact crater includes moldavite, which wasstrewnacross parts of Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria.\n\nMoldavite was introduced to the scientific public for the first time in 1786 as \"chrysolites\" fromTýn nad Vltavouin a lecture by Josef Mayer of Prague University, read at a meeting of the Bohemian Scientific Society (Mayer 1788). Zippe (1836) first used the term \"moldavite\", derived from theVltava(Moldau) river inBohemia(theCzech Republic), from where the first described pieces came.\n\nIn 1900,Franz Eduard Suesspointed out that thegravel-size moldavites exhibited curious pittings and wrinkles on the surface, which could not be due to the action of water, but resembled the characteristic markings on many meteorites. He attributed the material to a cosmic origin and regarded moldavites as a special type of meteorite for which he proposed the name oftektite.Based on an analysis of 23 Bohemian and Moravian samples, in 1966 it was theorised that variations in their composition derived from fractional volatilization, and were not similar in origin to sedimentary or igneous rocks. Values were reported for a range of attributes: oxides, densities, and refractive values index.[specify]In 1987 it was recognised that moldavites were created following meteor impact which melted material and launched it into the air. As the material was airborne, it cooled and solidified. However, the plasma-like vapor at the impact site separated primary melt droplets from other residual vapour. The former then cooled into moldavite.In 2019 the first LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) study on two typical moldavite samples, followed by routine EPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis), indicated agreement with EPMA studies and also revealedsiderophileelements (Chromium, Iron, Cobalt and Nickel).",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Tektite-256794.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Moldavite_from_Moldavia.jpg/960px-Moldavite_from_Moldavia.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Moldavite_No.1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moldavite_cut_and_set_as_pendant.jpg/960px-Moldavite_cut_and_set_as_pendant.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavite",
    "day_of_year": 157
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 178,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tektite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#3a3a3a",
    "description": "Tektites(fromAncient Greekτηκτός(tēktós)'molten') aregravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey naturalglassformed from terrestrial debris ejected duringmeteoriteimpacts. The term was coined by Austrian geologistFranz Eduard Suess(1867–1941), son ofEduard Suess.[note 1]They generally range in size from millimetres to centimetres. Millimetre-scale tektites are known asmicrotektites.\n\nAlthough tektites are superficially similar to some terrestrialvolcanicglasses (obsidians), they have unusual distinctive physical characteristics that distinguish them from such glasses. First, they are completely glassy and lack anymicrolitesorphenocrysts, unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. Second, although high insilica(>65 wt%), the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of tektites is closer to those ofshalesand similarsedimentary rocksand quite different from the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of terrestrial volcanic glasses. Third, tektites contain virtually no water (<0.02 wt%), unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. Fourth, the flow-banding within tektites often contains particles and bands oflechatelierite, which are not found in terrestrial volcanic glasses. Finally, a few tektites contain partly melted inclusions ofshockedand unshocked mineral grains, i.e.quartz,apatite, andzircon, as well ascoesite.\n\nThe difference in water content can be used to distinguish tektites from terrestrial volcanic glasses. When heated to their melting point, terrestrial volcanic glasses turn into a foamy glass because of their content of water and other volatiles. Unlike terrestrial volcanic glass, a tektite produces only a few bubbles at most when heated to its melting point, because of its much lower water and other volatiles content.",
    "history": "Most tektites have been found within four geographically extensive strewn fields: the Australasian, Central European, Ivory Coast, and North American.[needs update?]As summarized by Koeberl,the tektites within each strewn field are related to each other with respect to the criteria of petrological, physical, and chemical properties, as well as their age. In addition, three of the four strewn fields have been clearly linked with impact craters using those same criteria.Recognized types of tektites, grouped according to their known strewn fields, their associated craters, and ages are:\n\nComparing the number of known impact craters versus the number of known strewn fields,Natalia Artemievaconsidered essential factors such as the crater must exceed a certain diameter to produce distal ejecta, and that the event must be relatively recent.Limiting to diameters 10 km or more and younger than 50Ma, the study yielded a list of 13 candidate craters, of which the youngest eight are given below.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Two_tektites.JPG/960px-Two_tektites.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Muong_Nong.jpg/960px-Muong_Nong.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg/960px-Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite",
    "day_of_year": 158
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 179,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Shungite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#2c2c2c",
    "description": "Shungiteis either a diverse group of metamorphosedPrecambrianrocks all of which containpyrobitumen, or the pyrobitumen within those rocks.It was first described from a deposit nearShunga village, inKarelia, Russia, from where it gets its name. Shungite is most widely known forpseudoscientificandquackmedical claims about its uses in medicine and technology, where it is claimed to have properties ranging from nebulous health benefits toblocking 5G radiation.\n\nShungite has mainly been found in Russia. The main deposit is in theLake Onegaarea of Karelia, atZazhoginskoye, nearShunga, with another occurrence at Vozhmozero.Two other much smaller occurrences have been reported in Russia, one inKamchatkainvolcanic rocksand the other formed by the burning of spoil from a coal mine at high temperature inChelyabinsk.Other occurrences have been described from Austria, India, Democratic Republic of Congoand Kazakhstan.\n\nThe term \"shungite\" has evolved substantially since was originally used in 1879 to describe a black substance with more than 98% carbon found in veins near itstype localityof Shunga. More recently the term has also been used to describe a wide variety of rocks containing similar carbon layers, leading to some confusion. In scientific usage, shungite refers to amineraloidwhich contains >98% carbon, and is used as a modifier to the host-rock's name, i.e. \"shungite-bearing dolostone\".In popular usage, shungite-bearing rocks are sometimes themselves referred to as shungite. Shungite is subdivided into bright, semi-bright, semi-dull and dull on the basis of itslustre.",
    "history": "Shungite has mainly been found in Russia. The main deposit is in theLake Onegaarea of Karelia, atZazhoginskoye, nearShunga, with another occurrence at Vozhmozero.Two other much smaller occurrences have been reported in Russia, one inKamchatkainvolcanic rocksand the other formed by the burning of spoil from a coal mine at high temperature inChelyabinsk.Other occurrences have been described from Austria, India, Democratic Republic of Congoand Kazakhstan.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82.jpg/960px-%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Paleoproterozoic_stromatolite_laminae_shungite_Franceville_Gabon.jpg/960px-Paleoproterozoic_stromatolite_laminae_shungite_Franceville_Gabon.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shungite",
    "day_of_year": 159
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 180,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Seraphinite",
    "formula": "(Mg, Fe 3+ Al(Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 8",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2–2.5",
    "luster": "Pearly, dull, greasy",
    "streak": "light green",
    "specific_gravity": "2.600–3.000",
    "color_description": "green, white, colourless",
    "color_hex": "#4a7c5a",
    "description": "Seraphiniteis a trade name for a particular form ofclinochlore, a member of thechlorite group.\n\nSeraphinite apparently acquired its name due to its resemblance to feathers due to itschatoyancy.  Seraphinite is named after the biblical seraphs or seraphim angels.With some specimens the resemblance is quite strong, with shorter down-like feathery growths leading into longer \"flight feathers\"; the resemblance even spurs fanciful marketing phrases like \"silver plume seraphinite.\" Seraphinite is generally dark green to gray in color, has chatoyancy, and has hardness between 2 and 4 on theMohs scale of mineral hardness.\n\nSeraphinite is mined in a limited area of eastern Siberia in Russia. Russian mineralogistNikolay Koksharov(1818-1892 or 1893) is often credited with its discovery.  It occurs in the Korshunovskoye ironskarndeposit in theIrkutskayaOblast of EasternSiberia.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clinochlore_%28Seraphinite%29.jpg/960px-Clinochlore_%28Seraphinite%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/I_Crystal03.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraphinite",
    "day_of_year": 160
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 181,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Astrophyllite",
    "formula": "(K,Na) 3 (Fe ++ ,Mn) 7 Ti 2 Si 8 O 24 (O,OH) 7",
    "category": "Inosilicates Astrophyllite group",
    "crystal_system": "Triclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3–4",
    "luster": "Greasy, pearly, sub-metallic",
    "streak": "Yellowish brown or white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.2–3.4",
    "color_description": "Golden brown to yellow; rarely greenish",
    "color_hex": "#8b6c2a",
    "description": "Astrophylliteis a very rare, brown to golden-yellowhydrouspotassiumirontitaniumsilicate mineral. Belonging to the astrophyllite group, astrophyllite may be classed either as aninosilicate,phyllosilicate, or an intermediate between the two. It forms anisomorphousseries withkupletskite, to which it is visually identical and often intimately associated. Astrophyllite is of interest primarily to scientists and collectors.\n\nHeavy, soft and fragile, astrophyllite typically forms asbladed, radiatingstellateaggregates. It is thiscrystal habitthat gives astrophyllite its name, from theGreekwordsastronmeaning \"star\" andphyllonmeaning \"leaf\". Its great submetallic gleam and darkness contrast sharply with the light (felsic) matrix the mineral is regularly found within. Astrophyllite is usually opaque to translucent, but may be transparent in thin specimens.\n\nAs the crystals themselves possess perfect cleavage, they are typically leftin situ, the entire aggregate often cut into slabs and polished. Owing to its limited availability and high cost, astrophyllite is seldom seen in an ornamental capacity. It is sometimes used injewellerywhere it is fashioned intocabochons.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Astrophyllite-168179.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophyllite",
    "day_of_year": 161
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 182,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Nuummite",
    "formula": "( Mg 2 )( Mg 5 ) Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2",
    "category": "Mineral variety",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5 - 6.0",
    "luster": "Vitreous/glossy",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "2.85 - 3.57",
    "color_description": "Black, grey",
    "color_hex": "#3a3a3a",
    "description": "Nuummiteis a raremetamorphicrock that consists of theamphibolemineralsgedriteandanthophyllite. It is named after the area ofNuukin Greenland, where it was found.\n\nNuummite is usually black in colour and opaque. It consists of two amphiboles, gedrite and anthophyllite, which formexsolutionlamellae that give the rock its typicaliridescence. Other common minerals in the rock arepyrite,pyrrhotiteandchalcopyrite, which form shimmering yellow bands in polished specimens.\n\nInGreenlandthe rock was formed by two consecutive metamorphic overprints of an originally igneous rock.The intrusion took place in theArcheanaround 2800 million years ago and the metamorphic overprint was dated at 2700 and 2500 million years ago.",
    "history": "The rock was first discovered in 1810 in Greenland by the mineralogist K. L. Giesecke.It was defined scientifically by O. B. Bøggild between 1905 and 1924.\n\nIn 2009, a new variety of nuummite was discovered in central Mauritania. Under its unofficial name Jenakite, this variety is distinctive due to the presence and high density of blue and green anthophyllite needle-like crystals. It has no golden anthophyllite needle-like crystals.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Nuummite-001B.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nuummite.jpg/960px-Nuummite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/I_Crystal03.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuummite",
    "day_of_year": 162
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 183,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Howlite",
    "formula": "Ca 2 B 5 SiO 9 (OH) 5",
    "category": "Inoborates",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5",
    "luster": "Subvitreous, glimmering",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.53 – 2.59",
    "color_description": "White, colorless",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0d8",
    "description": "Howlite, a calcium borosilicate hydroxide (Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5), is aborate mineralfound inevaporitedeposits.\n\nHowlite was discovered nearWindsor, Nova Scotia, in 1868 byHenry How(1828–1879), a Canadian chemist, geologist, and mineralogist.How was alerted to the unknown mineral by miners in a gypsum quarry, who found it to be a nuisance.  He called the new mineral silico-boro-calcite; it was given the name howlite by the American geologistJames Dwight Danashortly thereafter.\n\nThe most common form of howlite is irregular nodules, sometimes resembling cauliflower.  Crystals of howlite are rare, having been found in only a couple localities worldwide.  Crystals were first reported from Tick Canyon in theSierra Pelona Mountainsof California,and later atIona, Nova Scotia.  Crystals reach a maximum size of about one centimeter.The nodules are white with fine grey or black veins in an erratic, often web-like pattern,opaquewith a sub-vitreousluster. The crystals at Iona are colorless, white or brown and are oftentranslucentortransparent.",
    "history": "Howlite was discovered nearWindsor, Nova Scotia, in 1868 byHenry How(1828–1879), a Canadian chemist, geologist, and mineralogist.How was alerted to the unknown mineral by miners in a gypsum quarry, who found it to be a nuisance.  He called the new mineral silico-boro-calcite; it was given the name howlite by the American geologistJames Dwight Danashortly thereafter.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Howlite-BYU.jpg/960px-Howlite-BYU.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Howlite_-_tumble_polished_stone.jpg/960px-Howlite_-_tumble_polished_stone.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Howlite_Crystal_Form_Nova_Scotia.gif",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Howlite_Crystal_Form_California.gif"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlite",
    "day_of_year": 163
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 184,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Unakite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "",
    "color_hex": "#7a8a5a",
    "description": "Unakiteis a coarse-grainedmetamorphic rockthat is an alteredgranitoidcomposed oforthoclase feldspar(pink),epidote(yellow-green), andquartz(smokey or colorless).Albite-oligoclaseplagioclase(white) may or may not be also present.\n\nBradley first defined and described Unakite in 1874. He named it forUnaka Rangeof theGreat Smoky Mountainsof westernNorth Carolinaand EasternTennessee. He collected his samples primarily from \"The Bluff\", \"Walnut Mountain\", and \"Max's Patch\" inCocke County, Tennessee.\n\nGenerally, unakite is interpreted to be ametamorphic rockcreated by thehydrothermalalteration of eithergranite,granodiorite, orcharnockite. \nIt is argued that the epidote in unakite was created by the alteration of eithermafic minerals;biotiteand feldspar;or some combination of these minerals by hydrothermal fluids. It is also possible that some of the epidote is the result of directprecipitationfrom hydrothermal fluids.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Colored_minerals_closeup.jpg/960px-Colored_minerals_closeup.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Unakite_bear_Length_8_cm_Taken_18.8.21.jpg/960px-Unakite_bear_Length_8_cm_Taken_18.8.21.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unakite_%28epidotic_granite%29_%28Buena_Vista%2C_Virginia%2C_USA%29_2.jpg/960px-Unakite_%28epidotic_granite%29_%28Buena_Vista%2C_Virginia%2C_USA%29_2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/SandstoneUSGOV.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unakite",
    "day_of_year": 164
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 185,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Variscite",
    "formula": "AlPO 4 ·2H 2 O",
    "category": "Phosphate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous to waxy",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.57 to 2.61",
    "color_description": "Pale to emerald-green (pale green in transmitted light), green, blue green, yellow green, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red and colourless to white",
    "color_hex": "#50b848",
    "description": "Varisciteis a hydratedaluminium phosphatemineral (AlPO4·2H2O). It is a relatively rare phosphate mineral. It is sometimes confused withturquoise; however, variscite is usually greener in color. The green color results from the presence of small amounts of trivalentchromium(Cr3+).\n\nVariscite is a secondary mineral formed by direct deposition from phosphate-bearing water which has reacted with aluminium-rich rocks in a near-surface environment.It occurs as fine-grained masses innodules, cavity fillings, and crusts. Variscite often contains white veins of the calcium aluminium phosphate mineralcrandallite.\n\nIt was first described in 1837 and named for the locality ofVariscia, the historical name of theVogtland, in Germany.  At one time, variscite was calledUtahlite. At times, materials which may beturquoiseor may be variscite have been marketed as \"variquoise\". Appreciation of the color ranges typically found in variscite have made it a popular gem in recent years.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Variscite_Smithsonian.jpg/960px-Variscite_Smithsonian.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/00021_11_cm_variscite.jpg/960px-00021_11_cm_variscite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Varis_mcguin_damali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Variscite-bolo.jpg/960px-Variscite-bolo.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscite",
    "day_of_year": 165
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 186,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Wavellite",
    "formula": "Al 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH,F) 3 ·5H 2 O",
    "category": "Phosphate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5 - 4",
    "luster": "Vitreous to resinous, pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.36",
    "color_description": "Green to yellowish-green and greenish blue and blue. and yellow, brown, white and colorless",
    "color_hex": "#78b868",
    "description": "Wavelliteis analuminiumbasicphosphatemineralwith formulaAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3·5H2O. Distinct crystals are rare, and it normally occurs as translucent green radial or spherical clusters.\n\nWavellite was first described in 1805 for an occurrence at High Down, Filleigh,Devon, Englandand named by William Babington in 1805 in honor of Dr. William Wavell (1750–1829),a Devon-based physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist, who brought the mineral to the attention of fellow mineralogists.\n\nIt occurs in association withcrandalliteandvariscitein fractures inaluminousmetamorphic rock, inhydrothermalregions and in phosphate rock deposits.It is found in a wide variety of locations, notably in theMount Ida, Arkansasarea in theOuachita Mountains.",
    "history": "Wavellite was first described in 1805 for an occurrence at High Down, Filleigh,Devon, Englandand named by William Babington in 1805 in honor of Dr. William Wavell (1750–1829),a Devon-based physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist, who brought the mineral to the attention of fellow mineralogists.\n\nIt occurs in association withcrandalliteandvariscitein fractures inaluminousmetamorphic rock, inhydrothermalregions and in phosphate rock deposits.It is found in a wide variety of locations, notably in theMount Ida, Arkansasarea in theOuachita Mountains.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Wavellite-162460.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Wavellite-199443.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavellite",
    "day_of_year": 166
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 187,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Vivianite",
    "formula": "Fe 2+ 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O",
    "category": "Phosphate mineral Vivianite group",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on the cleavage, dull when earthy",
    "streak": "White, altering to dark blue, brown",
    "specific_gravity": "2.68",
    "color_description": "Colorless, very pale green, becoming dark blue, dark greenish blue, indigo-blue, then black with oxidation",
    "color_hex": "#2e5e8e",
    "description": "Vivianite(Fe(II)3(PO4)2·8H2O) is ahydratediron(II)phosphate mineralfound in a number of geological environments. Small amounts ofmanganeseMn2+,magnesiumMg2+, andcalciumCa2+may substitute forironFe2+in its structure.Pure vivianite is colorless, but themineraloxidizes very easily, changing the color, and it is usually found as deep blue to deep bluish greenprismaticto flattened crystals. Vivianite crystals are often found insidefossilshells, such as those ofbivalvesandgastropods, or attached to fossil bone. Vivianite can also appear on the ironcoffinsor on the corpses of humans as a result of a chemical reaction of the decomposing body with the iron enclosure.\n\nIt was named byAbraham Gottlob Werner, the \"father of German geology\", in 1817, the year of his death, after eitherJohn Henry Vivian(1785–1855), a Welsh-Cornish politician, mine owner and mineralogist living inTruro, Cornwall, England, or after Jeffrey G. Vivian, an English mineralogist.Vivianite was discovered at Wheal Kind, inSt Agnes, Cornwall.\n\nVivianite group minerals have the general formula A3(XO4)2·8H2O, where A is adivalentmetalcationand X is eitherphosphorusorarsenic, and they aremonoclinic.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/7314M-vivianite2.jpg/960px-7314M-vivianite2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Vivianite_2_w-triphylite_and_feldspar_%28Hydrous_iron_phosphate_Custer_County_South_Dakota_1652.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Vivianite-Childrenite-117967.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vivianite-141168.jpg/960px-Vivianite-141168.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivianite",
    "day_of_year": 167
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 188,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Erythrite",
    "formula": "Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O",
    "category": "Arsenate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2.5",
    "luster": "Subadamantine, pearly on cleavages",
    "streak": "Pale red to pink",
    "specific_gravity": "3.06",
    "color_description": "Crimson to peach-red, pale rose, or pink, may be zoned",
    "color_hex": "#d84888",
    "description": "Erythrite, also known asred cobalt, previouslycobalt ochre: 172is a secondary hydrated cobaltarsenate mineralwith the formulaCo3(AsO4)2•8H2O. Erythrite andannabergite, chemical formulaNi3(AsO4)2•8H2O, ornickelarsenate form a complete series with the general formula(Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2•8H2O.\n\nErythrite crystallizes in themonoclinicsystem and forms prismatic crystals. The color is crimson to pink and occurs as a secondary coating known ascobalt bloomoncobaltarsenide minerals. Well-formed crystals are rare, with most of the mineral manifesting in crusts or small reniform aggregates.\n\nErythrite was first described in 1832 for an occurrence in Grube Daniel,Schneeberg,Saxony,and takes its name from the Greek έρυθρος (erythros), meaning red.Historically, erythrite itself has not been an economically important mineral, but the prospector may use it as a guide to associatedcobaltand nativesilver.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C3%89rythrite_%28Maroc%29.jpg/960px-%C3%89rythrite_%28Maroc%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Erytryn_%28kwiat_kobaltu%29_-_Bou_Azzer%2C_Atlas%2C_Maroko.jpg/960px-Erytryn_%28kwiat_kobaltu%29_-_Bou_Azzer%2C_Atlas%2C_Maroko.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Erythrite-176702.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrite",
    "day_of_year": 168
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 189,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Annabergite",
    "formula": "Ni 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O",
    "category": "Arsenate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "1.5–2.5",
    "luster": "Subadamantine, pearly on cleavages, may be dull or earthy",
    "streak": "Pale green to white",
    "specific_gravity": "3.07",
    "color_description": "Apple-green, pale green, pale rose or pale pink, white, gray; may be zoned",
    "color_hex": "#58b858",
    "description": "Annabergiteis anarsenate mineralconsisting of ahydrousnickelarsenate. It is considered a member of thevivianite groupand known for its ability to form crystals in a characteristic apple-green color.\n\nAnnabergite has been known since the 18th century, although type localities were not published along initial descriptions. The first report of Annabergite byAxel Fredrik Cronstedtfrom 1758 erroneously identifies it as anickel oxidemineral and assigned it the latinized nameOchra niccoli, whileWalleriusgave it the namenickel bloomin 1778.\nAnnabergite was thoroughly described in 1852 byBrookeandMillerfrom specimens found inAnnaberginSaxony, which was proposed as namesake for the mineral.\n\nAnnabergitecrystallizesin themonoclinicsystem and is isomorphous withvivianiteanderythrite. It most commonly occurs as microcristalline coatings, soft earthy masses and encrustations. Well developed crystals are relatively rare and usually remain minute and capillary. The color of Annabergite varies shades of green. The presence ofCobaltmodifies the color towards grey, samples high in cobalt showing a rose red color.",
    "history": "Annabergite has been known since the 18th century, although type localities were not published along initial descriptions. The first report of Annabergite byAxel Fredrik Cronstedtfrom 1758 erroneously identifies it as anickel oxidemineral and assigned it the latinized nameOchra niccoli, whileWalleriusgave it the namenickel bloomin 1778.\nAnnabergite was thoroughly described in 1852 byBrookeandMillerfrom specimens found inAnnaberginSaxony, which was proposed as namesake for the mineral.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Annabergite-Siderite-_Grece-1.jpg/960px-Annabergite-Siderite-_Grece-1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/I_Crystal03.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabergite",
    "day_of_year": 169
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 190,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Adamite",
    "formula": "Zn 2 AsO 4 OH",
    "category": "Arsenate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White to pale green",
    "specific_gravity": "4.32–4.48 measured",
    "color_description": "Pale yellow, honey-yellow, brownish yellow, reddish; rarely white, colorless, blue, pale green to green, may be zoned",
    "color_hex": "#b8e830",
    "description": "Adamiteis a zincarsenatehydroxidemineral,Zn2AsO4OH. It is a mineral that typically occurs in theoxidizedorweatheredzone above zinc ore occurrences. Pure adamite is colorless, but usually it possess yellow color due to Fe compounds admixture. Tints of green also occur and are connected withcoppersubstitutions in the mineral structure.Oliveniteis a copper arsenate that is isostructural with adamite and there is considerable substitution between zinc and copper resulting in an intermediate calledcuproadamite. Zincolivenite is an intermediate mineral with formula CuZn(AsO4)(OH).Manganese,cobalt, andnickelalso substitute in the structure.Tarbuttiteis an analogous zinc phosphate.\n\nAdamite occurs as a secondary mineral in theoxidized zoneof zinc- and arsenic-bearinghydrothermalmineral deposits. It occurs in association withsmithsonite,hemimorphite,scorodite,olivenite,calcite,quartzandironandmanganese oxides.\n\nThe yellow to bright lime-green colored crystals and druze along with its distinctive fluorescence make adamite a favorite among mineral collectors. Found inMapimí, Durango,Mexico;Greece; andCaliforniaandUtahin theUnited States.",
    "history": "Adamite occurs as a secondary mineral in theoxidized zoneof zinc- and arsenic-bearinghydrothermalmineral deposits. It occurs in association withsmithsonite,hemimorphite,scorodite,olivenite,calcite,quartzandironandmanganese oxides.\n\nThe yellow to bright lime-green colored crystals and druze along with its distinctive fluorescence make adamite a favorite among mineral collectors. Found inMapimí, Durango,Mexico;Greece; andCaliforniaandUtahin theUnited States.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Adamite-179841.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Adamite_-_Gild_Hill%2C_Deep_Creek_Mountains%2C_Tooele_County%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamite",
    "day_of_year": 170
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 191,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Legrandite",
    "formula": "Zn 2 (AsO 4 )(OH)·(H 2 O)",
    "category": "Arsenate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5–5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.98–4.01",
    "color_description": "Bright yellow, wax-yellow, colorless",
    "color_hex": "#e8d830",
    "description": "Legranditeis a rarezincarsenate mineral, Zn2(AsO4)(OH)·(H2O).\n\nIt is an uncommon secondary mineral in theoxidizedzone of arsenic bearing zinc deposits and occurs rarely ingranitepegmatite. Associated minerals include:adamite,paradamite,köttigite,scorodite,smithsonite,leiteite,renierite,pharmacosiderite,aurichalcite,siderite,goethiteandpyrite.It has been reported fromTsumeb,Namibia; theOjuelamine inDurango, Mexico and atSterling Hill,New Jersey, US.\n\nIt was first described in 1934 for an occurrence in the Flor de Peña Mine,Nuevo León, Mexico and named after Louis C.A. Legrand, a Belgian mining engineer.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Legrandite%2C_limonite_1100.1.2839.jpg/960px-Legrandite%2C_limonite_1100.1.2839.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/I_Crystal03.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legrandite",
    "day_of_year": 171
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 192,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Aurichalcite",
    "formula": "(Zn,Cu) 5 [(OH) 3 |CO 3 ] 2",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "2",
    "luster": "Pearly, silky",
    "streak": "Light blue",
    "specific_gravity": "3.96",
    "color_description": "Pale green, greenish blue, light blue; colorless to pale blue, pale green in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#78c8b8",
    "description": "Aurichalciteis acarbonate mineral, usually found as a secondary mineral incopperandzincdeposits. Its chemical formula is(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6. The zinc to copper ratio is about 5:4.Copper (Cu2+) gives aurichalcite its green-blue colors.\n\nAurichalcite typically occurs in theoxidized zoneof copper and zinc deposits.\nAssociated minerals include:rosasite,smithsonite,hemimorphite,hydrozincite,malachiteandazurite.\n\nIt was first described in 1839 by Bottger who named the mineral for its zinc and copper content after theGreekόρειχαλκος, for \"mountain brass\" or \"mountain copper\", the name oforichalcum, a fabulous metal, mentioned in thelegendof themythiclost continentAtlantis. Thetype localityis the Loktevskoye Mine, UpperLoktevka River,Rudny Altai[ru],Altai Krai, WesternSiberia,Russia.",
    "history": "Aurichalcite typically occurs in theoxidized zoneof copper and zinc deposits.\nAssociated minerals include:rosasite,smithsonite,hemimorphite,hydrozincite,malachiteandazurite.\n\nIt was first described in 1839 by Bottger who named the mineral for its zinc and copper content after theGreekόρειχαλκος, for \"mountain brass\" or \"mountain copper\", the name oforichalcum, a fabulous metal, mentioned in thelegendof themythiclost continentAtlantis. Thetype localityis the Loktevskoye Mine, UpperLoktevka River,Rudny Altai[ru],Altai Krai, WesternSiberia,Russia.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aurichalcite-Calcite-aur08b.jpg/960px-Aurichalcite-Calcite-aur08b.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurichalcite",
    "day_of_year": 172
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 193,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rosasite",
    "formula": "(Cu,Zn) 2 (CO 3 )(OH) 2",
    "category": "Carbonate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4",
    "luster": "Silky, vitreous to dull",
    "streak": "Light blue or green",
    "specific_gravity": "4–4.2",
    "color_description": "Blue, bluish green, green",
    "color_hex": "#58a8a8",
    "description": "Rosasiteis acarbonate mineralwith minor potential for use as azincandcopperore. Chemically, it is a copper zinccarbonatehydroxidewith a copper to zinc ratio of 3:2, occurring in the secondaryoxidationzone of copper-zinc deposits. It was originally discovered in 1908 in the Rosas mine inSardinia,Italy, and is named after the location. Fibrous blue-green rosasite crystals are usually found in globular aggregates, often associated with redlimoniteand other colorfulminerals. It is very similar toaurichalcite, but can be distinguished by its superior hardness.\n\nThis article about a specificcarbonate mineralis astub. You can help Wikipedia byadding missing information.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rosasite-291101.jpg/960px-Rosasite-291101.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosasite",
    "day_of_year": 173
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 194,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cavansite",
    "formula": "Ca ( VO ) Si 4 O 10 ·4( H 2 O )",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3 - 4",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly",
    "streak": "Bluish-white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.25 - 2.33",
    "color_description": "Brilliant sky-blue to greenish blue",
    "color_hex": "#3070c8",
    "description": "Cavansite, named for its chemical composition ofcalciumvanadiumsilicate, is a deep blue hydrouscalciumvanadiumphyllosilicatemineral, occurring as a secondary mineral inbasalticandandesiticrocks along with a variety ofzeoliteminerals. Its blue coloring comes from vanadium, a metal ion.Discovered in 1967 inMalheur County,Oregon, cavansite is a relatively rare mineral. It ispolymorphicwith the even rarer mineral,pentagonite. It is most frequently found inPune, India, and in theDeccan Traps, alarge igneous province.\n\nAlthough cavansite containsvanadium, and could thus be a possible ore source for the element, it is not generally considered an ore mineral. However, because of its rich color and relative rarity, cavansite is a sought-after collector's mineral.\n\nCavansite is a distinctive mineral. It tends to form crystal aggregates, generally in the form of balls, up to a couple centimeters in size. Sometimes, the balls are coarse enough to resolve individual crystals. Rarely, cavansite forms bowtie-shaped aggregates. The color of cavansite is distinctive, almost always a rich, bright blue. The color is the same as its dimorph, pentagonite, but the latter is generally much more spikey with bladed crystals. Finally, the associated minerals aid identification, as cavansite is frequently found atop a matrix ofzeolitesorapophyllites.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Cavansite-121680.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Cavansite-indi-12a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavansite",
    "day_of_year": 174
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 195,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pentlandite",
    "formula": "iron nickel sulfide : (Fe,Ni) 9 S 8",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Light bronze-brown [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Greenish black [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]",
    "specific_gravity": "4.6–5.0",
    "color_description": "Yellowish bronze",
    "color_hex": "#b8a830",
    "description": "Pentlanditeis aniron–nickelsulfide with the chemical formula(Fe,Ni)9S8. Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios (Ni:Fe), but it is usually described as 1:1. In some cases, this ratio is skewed by the presence ofpyrrhotiteinclusions. It also contains minorcobalt, usually at low levels as a fraction of weight.\n\nPentlandite formsisometriccrystals, but it is normally found in massive granularaggregates. It is brittle with ahardnessof 3.5–4 andspecific gravityof 4.6–5.0 and is non-magnetic. It has a yellowish bronze color and a metallicluster.\n\nPentlandite is found in abundance withinultramaficrocks, making it one of the most important sources of mined nickel.It also occasionally occurs within mantlexenolithsand \"black smoker\"hydrothermal vents.",
    "history": "It is named afterIrishscientistJoseph Barclay Pentland(1797–1873), who first noted the mineral at Sudbury, Ontario.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pentlandite%2C_Sudbury%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada-8779.jpg/960px-Pentlandite%2C_Sudbury%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada-8779.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pentlandite_-_Kambalda%2C_Coolgardie_Shire%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/960px-Pentlandite_-_Kambalda%2C_Coolgardie_Shire%2C_Western_Australia.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-magnetite_%28Worthington%2C_Sudbury_Impact_Structure%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%29_2_%2818887348131%29.jpg/960px-Pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-magnetite_%28Worthington%2C_Sudbury_Impact_Structure%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%29_2_%2818887348131%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Pentlandite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrrhotite-199634.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentlandite",
    "day_of_year": 175
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 196,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Millerite",
    "formula": "NiS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "3–3.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Greenish black",
    "specific_gravity": "5.3–5.5",
    "color_description": "Pale brass-yellow to bronze-yellow, tarnishes to iridescence",
    "color_hex": "#b8a040",
    "description": "Milleriteornickel blendeis anickelsulfide mineral,NiS. It is brassy in colour and has anacicularhabit, often forming radiating masses and furryaggregates. It can be distinguished frompentlanditeby crystal habit, its duller colour, and general lack of association withpyriteorpyrrhotite.\n\nMillerite is a common metamorphic mineral replacingpentlanditewithinserpentiniteultramafics. It is formed in this way by removal of sulfur from pentlandite or other nickeliferous sulfide minerals duringmetamorphismormetasomatism.\n\nMillerite is also formed from sulfur poorolivinecumulatesby nucleation. Millerite is thought to form from sulfur and nickel which exist in pristine olivine in trace amounts, and which are driven out of the olivine during metamorphic processes.Magmaticolivine generally has up to ~4000 ppm Ni and up to 2500 ppm S within thecrystal lattice, as contaminants and substituting for othertransition metalswith similar ionic radii (Fe2+and Mn2+).",
    "history": "Millerite is found as a metamorphic replacement ofpentlanditewithin the Silver Swan nickel deposit, Western Australia, and throughout the many ultramafic serpentinite bodies of theYilgarn craton,Western Australia, generally as a replacement of metamorphosed pentlandite. There is one known occurrence of millerite in South Africa, near Pafuri in theTransvaal.The deposit has never been commercially mined.\n\nIt is commonly found as radiating clusters of acicular needle-like crystals in cavities in sulfide richlimestoneanddolomiteor ingeodes. It is also found in nickel-ironmeteorites, such as CKcarbonaceous chondrites.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Millerite_in_geode_%28Hall%27s_Gap%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29.jpg/960px-Millerite_in_geode_%28Hall%27s_Gap%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Millerite_structure.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Millerite-44389.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Calcite-millerite_association.jpg/960px-Calcite-millerite_association.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerite",
    "day_of_year": 176
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 197,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Nickeline",
    "formula": "Nickel arsenide (NiAs)",
    "category": "Arsenide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Hexagonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 – 5.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Brownish black",
    "specific_gravity": "7.8",
    "color_description": "Pale copper red with blackish tarnish. White with strong yellowish pink hue on polished section strongly anisotropic",
    "color_hex": "#c8a088",
    "description": "Nickelineorniccoliteis themineralform ofnickel arsenide. The naturally occurring mineral contains roughly 43.9%nickeland 56.1%arsenicby mass, but composition of the mineral may vary slightly.\n\nSmall quantities ofsulfur,ironandcobaltare usually present, and sometimes the arsenic is largely replaced byantimony. This last forms an isomorphous series withbreithauptite(nickel antimonide).\n\nMedieval miners looking for copper in the GermanOre Mountainswould sometimes find a red mineral, superficially resembling copper ore. Upon attempting extraction, no copper was produced, and subsequently, the miners would be afflicted with mysterious illness. They blamed a mischievous sprite of German mythology, Nickel (similar toOld Nick) for besetting the copper (German: Kupfer).This German equivalent of  \"copper-nickel\" was used as early as 1694 (other old German synonyms areRotnickelkiesandArsennickel).",
    "history": "Medieval miners looking for copper in the GermanOre Mountainswould sometimes find a red mineral, superficially resembling copper ore. Upon attempting extraction, no copper was produced, and subsequently, the miners would be afflicted with mysterious illness. They blamed a mischievous sprite of German mythology, Nickel (similar toOld Nick) for besetting the copper (German: Kupfer).This German equivalent of  \"copper-nickel\" was used as early as 1694 (other old German synonyms areRotnickelkiesandArsennickel).\n\nIn 1751, BaronAxel Fredrik Cronstedtwas attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel mineral, and obtained instead a white metal which he named \"nickel\", after the sprite.In modern German, Kupfernickel and Kupfer-Nickel designates the alloyCupronickel.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nickeline.jpg/960px-Nickeline.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nickel-arsenide-3D-unit-cell.png/960px-Nickel-arsenide-3D-unit-cell.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickeline",
    "day_of_year": 177
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 198,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Skutterudite",
    "formula": "CoAs 3",
    "category": "Arsenide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Black",
    "specific_gravity": "6.5",
    "color_description": "Tin-white to silver-gray, tarnishes gray or iridescent; in polished section, gray, creamy or golden white",
    "color_hex": "#808080",
    "description": "Skutteruditeis acobaltarsenide mineralcontaining variable amounts ofnickelandironsubstituting for cobalt with the ideal formula CoAs3. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2–3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is ahydrothermalore mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals arearsenopyrite, nativesilver,erythrite,annabergite,nickeline,cobaltite, silversulfosalts, nativebismuth,calcite,siderite,bariteandquartz.It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product ofarsenic.\n\nThecrystal structureof this mineral has been found to be exhibited by severalcompoundswith important technological uses.\n\nThe mineral has a bright metallic luster, and is tin white or light steel gray in color with a black streak. Thespecific gravityis 6.5 and thehardnessis 5.5–6. Itscrystal structureisisometricwith cube and octahedron forms similar to that ofpyrite. The arsenic content gives a garlic odor when heated or crushed.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Skutt%C3%A9rudite.jpg/960px-Skutt%C3%A9rudite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/Skutterudite-structure-large.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutterudite",
    "day_of_year": 178
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 199,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Cobaltite",
    "formula": "CoAsS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Grayish-black",
    "specific_gravity": "6.33 g/cm 3",
    "color_description": "Reddish silver white, violet steel gray to black",
    "color_hex": "#808888",
    "description": "Cobaltiteis anarsenideandsulfidemineral with the mineral formulaCoAsS. It is the naming mineral of thecobaltite groupof minerals, whose members structurally resemblepyrite(FeS2).\n\nCobaltite was first described in 1797 byKlaproth.Its name stems from the contained elementcobalt, whose name is attributed to the German termKobold, referring to an \"underground spirit\" or \"goblin\". The notion of \"bewitched\" minerals stems from cobaltite and other cobalt ores withstanding the smelting methods of the medieval period, often producing foul-smelling, poisonous fumes in the process.\n\nCobaltite naturally appears in the form of atetartoid, a form of dodecahedron with chiral tetrahedral symmetry.",
    "history": "Cobaltite was first described in 1797 byKlaproth.Its name stems from the contained elementcobalt, whose name is attributed to the German termKobold, referring to an \"underground spirit\" or \"goblin\". The notion of \"bewitched\" minerals stems from cobaltite and other cobalt ores withstanding the smelting methods of the medieval period, often producing foul-smelling, poisonous fumes in the process.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Koboltglans.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Cobaltite-mun05-71a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltite",
    "day_of_year": 179
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 200,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Arsenopyrite",
    "formula": "FeAsS",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5–6",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Black",
    "specific_gravity": "5.9–6.2",
    "color_description": "Steel grey to silver white",
    "color_hex": "#808888",
    "description": "Arsenopyrite(IMAsymbol: Apy) is an iron arsenicsulfide(FeAsS). It is a hard (Mohs5.5–6)metallic, opaque, steel grey to silver white mineral with a relatively highrelative densityof 6.1.\n\nWhen dissolved innitric acid, it releases elementalsulfur.  When arsenopyrite is heated, it produces sulfur and arsenic vapor. With 46%arseniccontent, arsenopyrite, along withorpiment, is a principaloreof arsenic. When deposits of arsenopyrite become exposed to the atmosphere, the mineral slowly converts into  iron arsenates.  Arsenopyrite is generally an acid-consuming sulfide mineral, unlikeiron pyritewhich can lead toacid mine drainage.\n\nThecrystal habit, hardness, density, and garlic odour when struck are diagnostic. Arsenopyrite in older literature may be referred to asmispickel, a name of German origin.It is also sometimes referred to asmundic, a word derived fromCornish dialectand which also refers to a copper ore, as well as a form of deterioration in aggregate concrete made with mine tailings.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Arsenopyrite-117874.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Arsenopyrite-176706.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Arsenopyrite_by_petrographic_microscope_NL.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/960px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenopyrite",
    "day_of_year": 180
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 201,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Marcasite",
    "formula": "FeS 2",
    "category": "Sulfide mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6–6.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Dark-grey to black.",
    "specific_gravity": "4.875 calculated, 4.887 measured",
    "color_description": "Tin-white on fresh surface, pale bronze-yellow, darkening on exposure, iridescent tarnish",
    "color_hex": "#c0b838",
    "description": "Themineralmarcasite, sometimes called \"white iron pyrite\", isiron sulfide(FeS2) withorthorhombic crystal structure. It is physically and crystallographically distinct frompyrite, which is iron sulfide withcubic crystal structure. Both structures contain the disulfide S22−ion, having a short bonding distance between thesulfuratoms. The structures differ in how thesedi-anionsare arranged around theFe2+cations. Marcasite is lighter and morebrittlethan pyrite. Specimens of marcasite often crumble and break up due to the unstablecrystal structure.\n\nOn fresh surfaces, it is pale yellow to almost white and has a bright metallicluster. It tarnishes to a yellowish or brownish color and gives a black streak. It is a brittle material that cannot be scratched with a knife. The thin, flat, tabular crystals, when joined in groups, are called \"cockscombs\".\n\nIn the late medieval and early modern eras, the word \"marcasite\" meant all iron sulfides in general, including both pyrite and the mineral marcasite.The narrower, modern scientific definition for marcasite as specifically orthorhombic iron sulfide dates from 1845.Jewellery wherepyriteis used as the gemstone is calledmarcasite jewellery; a term which pre-dates the scientific definition, using the original sense of the word. Marcasite in the scientific sense is not used as a gem due to its brittleness.",
    "history": "Marcasite can be formed as both a primary or a secondary mineral. It typically forms under low-temperature, highlyacidicconditions. It occurs insedimentary rocks(shales,limestonesand low gradecoals) as well as in low temperaturehydrothermalveins. Commonly associated minerals includepyrite,pyrrhotite,galena,sphalerite,fluorite,dolomite, andcalcite.\n\nAs a primary mineral marcasite forms nodules, concretions, and crystals in a variety ofsedimentary rock, such as in thechalklayers found on both sides of theEnglish ChannelatDover,Kent,England, and atCap Blanc-Nez,Pas de Calais,France, where it forms as sharp individual crystals and crystal groups, and nodules (similar to those shown here). Marcasite is also found in complex sulphide deposits. In the Reocín mine, Cantabria, Spain, appears as crystals grouped in the form ofcockscombs.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Marcasite-40471.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MarcasiteGeode.jpg/960px-MarcasiteGeode.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marcasite_-_Reoc%C3%ADn_mine%2C_Cantabria%2C_Spain.jpg/960px-Marcasite_-_Reoc%C3%ADn_mine%2C_Cantabria%2C_Spain.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MarcassiteII.jpg/960px-MarcassiteII.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcasite",
    "day_of_year": 181
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 202,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pyrrhotite",
    "formula": "Fe 1−x S (x = 0 to 0.125)",
    "category": "Minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic , with hexagonal polytypes",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5 – 4.5",
    "luster": "Metallic",
    "streak": "Dark grey – black",
    "specific_gravity": "4.58 – 4.65, average = 4.61",
    "color_description": "Bronze, dark brown",
    "color_hex": "#a09048",
    "description": "Pyrrhotite(pyrrhosinGreekmeaning \"flame-coloured\")is aniron sulfidemineralwith the formula Fe(1−x)S (x = 0 to 0.125).  It is an iron-deficientnonstoichiometricvariant of FeS, the mineral known astroilite.\nPyrrhotite is also called magneticpyrite, because the color is similar to pyrite and it is weakly magnetic. Themagnetismdecreases as the iron content increases, and troilite is non-magnetic.Pyrrhotite is generally tabular and brassy/bronze in color with ametallic luster. The mineral occurs withmafic igneous rockslikenorites, and may form from pyrite duringmetamorphic processes.Pyrrhotite is associated and mined with other sulfide minerals likepentlandite, pyrite,chalcopyrite, andmagnetite, and has been found globally.\n\nPyrrhotite exists as a number ofpolytypesofhexagonalormonocliniccrystal symmetry; several polytypes often occur within the same specimen. Their structure is based on theNiAsunit cell. As such, Fe occupies anoctahedral siteand the sulfide centers occupytrigonal prismatic sites.\n\nMaterials with the NiAs structure often arenon-stoichiometricbecause they lack up to 1/8th fraction of the metal ions, creatingvacancies. One of such structures is pyrrhotite-4C (Fe7S8). Here \"4\" indicates that iron vacancies define asuperlatticethat is 4 times larger than the unit cell in the \"C\" direction. The C direction is conventionally chosen parallel to the main symmetry axis of the crystal; this direction usually corresponds to the largest lattice spacing. Other polytypes include: pyrrhotite-5C (Fe9S10), 6C (Fe11S12),  7C (Fe9S10) and 11C (Fe10S11). Every polytype can have monoclinic (M) or hexagonal (H) symmetry, and therefore some sources label them, for example, not as 6C, but 6H or 6M depending on the symmetry.The monoclinic forms are stable at temperatures below 254 °C, whereas the hexagonal forms are stable above that temperature. The exception is for those with high iron content, close to the troilite composition (47 to 50% atomic percent iron) which exhibit hexagonal symmetry.",
    "history": "Pyrrhotite is a rather common trace constituent ofmaficigneous rocksespeciallynorites. It occurs as segregation deposits inlayered intrusionsassociated with pentlandite, chalcopyrite and other sulfides. It is an important constituent of theSudbury intrusion(1.85 Ga oldmeteorite impact craterinOntario, Canada) where it occurs in masses associated with copper and nickel mineralisation.It also occurs inpegmatitesand in contactmetamorphiczones. Pyrrhotite is often accompanied by pyrite,marcasiteand magnetite.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Pyrrhotite-Sphalerite-Quartz-195225.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Iron%28II%29-sulfide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/960px-Iron%28II%29-sulfide-unit-cell-3D-balls.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pyrrhotite_with_pentlandite_%28late_Paleoproterozoic%2C_1.85_Ga%3B_800_Orebody%2C_South_Mine%2C_Sudbury_Impact_Crater%2C_southeastern_Ontario%2C_Canada%29_2_%2818275905364%29.jpg/960px-Pyrrhotite_with_pentlandite_%28late_Paleoproterozoic%2C_1.85_Ga%3B_800_Orebody%2C_South_Mine%2C_Sudbury_Impact_Crater%2C_southeastern_Ontario%2C_Canada%29_2_%2818275905364%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Pyrrhotite_%28Polarized_light%29.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhotite",
    "day_of_year": 182
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 203,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chromite",
    "formula": "(Fe, Mg)Cr 2 O 4",
    "category": "Oxide minerals Spinel group Spinel structural group",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "5.5",
    "luster": "Resinous, Greasy, Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull",
    "streak": "Brown",
    "specific_gravity": "4.5–4.8",
    "color_description": "Black to brownish black; brown to brownish black on thin edges in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#404040",
    "description": "Chromiteis a crystallinemineralcomposed primarily ofiron(II) oxideandchromium(III) oxidecompounds. It can be represented by the chemical formula ofFeCr2O4. It is anoxide mineralbelonging to thespinel group. The elementmagnesiumcan substitute forironin variable amounts as it forms asolid solutionwith magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4).Substitution of the elementaluminiumcan also occur, leading tohercynite(FeAl2O4).Chromite today is mined particularly to make stainless steel through the production offerrochrome(FeCr), which is an iron-chromium alloy.\n\nChromite grains are commonly found in largemaficigneous intrusions such as theBushveldin South Africa and India. Chromite is iron-black in color with a metallicluster, a dark brownstreakand a hardness on theMohsscale of 5.5.\n\nChromite minerals are mainly found in mafic-ultramaficigneous intrusionsand are also sometimes found inmetamorphic rocks. The chromite minerals occur in layered formations that can be hundreds of kilometres long and a few meters thick.Chromite is also common iniron meteoritesand form in association withsilicatesandtroiliteminerals.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Chromite_by_petrographic_microscope.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chromite_calcite_uvarovit.jpg/960px-Chromite_calcite_uvarovit.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Chromite-pas-63b.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Chromite-468934.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromite",
    "day_of_year": 183
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 204,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Spessartine",
    "formula": "Mn 2+ 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Nesosilicate Garnet group",
    "crystal_system": "Isometric",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5 – 7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "4.19 calculated, 4.12 – 4.32 measured",
    "color_description": "Yellow through red",
    "color_hex": "#e86838",
    "description": "Spessartineis anesosilicate,manganesealuminiumgarnetspecies, Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3.This mineral is sometimes mistakenly referred to asspessartite.\n\nSpessartine's name is a derivative ofSpessartinBavaria, Germany, thetype localityof the mineral.It occurs most often ingranitepegmatiteand allied rock types and in certain low-grademetamorphicphyllites. Sources include Australia,Myanmar, India, Afghanistan,  Israel,Madagascar,Namibia,Nigeria,Mozambique,Tanzaniaand the United States.Spessartine of anorange-yellow has been calledMandarin garnetand is found in Madagascar. Violet-red spessartines are found inrhyolitesinColoradoandMaine. In Madagascar, spessartines are exploited either in their bedrock or in alluvium. The orange garnets result from sodium-rich pegmatites. Spessartines are found in bedrock in the highlands in the Sahatany valley. Those in alluvium are generally found in southern Madagascar or in theMaevatananaregion.\n\nSpessartine forms asolid solution serieswith the garnet speciesalmandine.Well-formed crystals from this series, varying in color from very dark-red to bright yellow-orange, were found in Latinka,Rhodope Mountains,Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria.Spessartine, like the other garnets, always occurs as a blend with other species.  Gems with high spessartine content tend toward a light orange hue, while almandine prevalence induces red or brownish hues.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Garnet_-_Spessartine_crystal_detail.jpg/960px-Garnet_-_Spessartine_crystal_detail.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Granat_spessartyn_-_Nani%2C_Loliondo%2C_Arusha_Region%2C_Tanzania.jpg/960px-Granat_spessartyn_-_Nani%2C_Loliondo%2C_Arusha_Region%2C_Tanzania.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spessartine_sur_quartz_fum%C3%A9.jpg/960px-Spessartine_sur_quartz_fum%C3%A9.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Spessartine-t08-49a.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessartine",
    "day_of_year": 184
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 205,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Almandine",
    "formula": "Fe 2+ 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "greasy to vitreous",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "4.05 +0.25 −0.12 [ 2 ]",
    "color_description": "reddish orange to red, slightly purplish red to reddish purple and usually dark in tone",
    "color_hex": "#a03050",
    "description": "Almandine(/ˈælməndɪn/), also known asalmandite, is a mineral belonging to thegarnetgroup. The name is a corruption of alabandicus, which is the name applied byPliny the Elderto a stone found or worked atAlabanda, a town inCariainAsia Minor. Almandine is an iron aluminium garnet, of deep red color, inclining to purple. It is frequently cut with a convex face, or encabochon, and is then known ascarbuncle. Viewed through thespectroscopein a strong light, it generally shows three characteristicabsorption bands.\n\nAlmandine is oneend-memberof a mineralsolid solutionseries, with the other end member being the garnetpyrope. The almandine crystal formula is: Fe3Al2(SiO4)3.Magnesiumsubstitutes for theironwith increasingly pyrope-rich composition.\n\nAlmandine,Fe2+3Al2Si3O12, is theferrous ironend member of the class of garnet minerals representing an important group of rock-formingsilicates, which are the main constituents of the Earth'scrust,upper mantleandtransition zone. Almandine crystallizes in the cubicspace groupIa3d, with unit-cell parametera≈ 11.512 Å at 100 K.",
    "history": "Almandine occurs rather abundantly in the gem gravels ofSri Lanka, whence it has sometimes been called \"Ceylon ruby\". When the color inclines to a violet tint, the stone is often called Syriam garnet, a name said to be taken fromSyriam, an ancient town ofPegu(now part ofMyanmar). Large deposits of fine almandine-garnets were found, some years ago, in theNorthern TerritoryofAustralia, and were at first taken for rubies and thus they were known in trade for some time afterwards as Australian rubies.\n\nAlmandine is widely distributed. Finerhombic dodecahedraoccur in theschistoserocks of theZillertal, inTyrol, and are sometimes cut and polished. An almandine in which the ferrous oxide is replaced partly bymagnesiais found at a place once known as Luisenfeld (thenGerman East Africa), now inTanzania. In theUnited Statesthere are many localities which yield almandine. Fine crystals of almandine embedded inmica-schist occur nearWrangellinAlaska. The coarse varieties of almandine are often crushed for use as anabrasiveagent.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Almandin.jpg/960px-Almandin.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Victorian_almandine_garnet_brooch.jpg/960px-Victorian_almandine_garnet_brooch.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almandine",
    "day_of_year": 185
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 206,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Pyrope",
    "formula": "Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "greasy to vitreous [ 3 ]",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.78 +0.09 −0.16 [ 3 ]",
    "color_description": "Blood red to black red, red, orange red, pink,  some varieties are very dark, almost black, while others can take tones of purple to purple red, Some chromium -rich pyropes are thermochromic , becoming green when heated. [ 2 ]",
    "color_hex": "#c82040",
    "description": "The mineralpyropeis a member of thegarnetgroup. Pyrope is the only member of the garnet family to always display red colouration in natural samples, and it is from this characteristic that it gets its name: from the Greek words forfireandeye. Despite being less common than most garnets, it is a widely usedgemstonewith numerous alternative names, some of which aremisnomers.Chrome pyrope, andBohemian garnetare two alternative names, the usage of the latter being discouraged by theGemological Institute of America.Misnomers includeColorado ruby,Arizona ruby,California ruby,Rocky Mountain ruby,Elie Ruby,Bohemian carbuncle, andCape ruby.\n\nThe composition of pure pyrope is Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, although typically other elements are present in at least minor proportions—these other elements includeCa,Cr,FeandMn. Pyrope forms asolid solutionseries withalmandineandspessartine, which are collectively known as thepyralspitegarnets (pyrope,almandine,spessartine). Iron and manganese substitute for the magnesium in the pyrope structure. The resultant, mixed composition garnets are defined according to their pyrope-almandine ratio. The semi-precious stonerhodoliteis a garnet of ~70% pyrope composition.\n\nThe origin of most pyrope is inultramaficrocks, typicallyperidotitefrom theEarth's mantle: these mantle-derived peridotites can be attributed both toigneousandmetamorphicprocesses.  Pyrope also occurs in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, as in the Dora-Maira massif in the western Alps. In that massif, nearly pure pyrope occurs in crystals to almost 12 cm (5 in) in diameter; some of that pyrope has inclusions ofcoesite, and some has inclusions ofenstatiteandsapphirine.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Pyrope-260132.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Granat_pirop_w_eklogicie_-_Szybino%2C_G%C3%B3ry_Ural%2C_Rosja.jpg/960px-Granat_pirop_w_eklogicie_-_Szybino%2C_G%C3%B3ry_Ural%2C_Rosja.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Garnet_Group-Pyrope_Iron_aluminum_silicate_Barton_Mines%2C_Gore_Mountain%2C_Warren_County%2C_New_York_2861.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrope",
    "day_of_year": 186
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 207,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Grossular",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic [ 2 ]",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5 to 7 [ 2 ]",
    "luster": "greasy to vitreous [ 2 ]",
    "streak": "Brown",
    "specific_gravity": "3.61 (+.15/−.04)",
    "color_description": "light to dark green, light to dark yellow to reddish brown, brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, occasionally translucent to opaque pink. It is also but rarely \nfound in colorless form [ 2 ]",
    "color_hex": "#80b840",
    "description": "Grossularis acalcium-aluminiumspecies of thegarnetgroup ofminerals. It has thechemical formulaof Ca3Al2(SiO4)3but the calcium may, in part, be replaced by ferrousironand the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from thebotanicalname for thegooseberry,grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found inSiberia. Other shades includecinnamonbrown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow. Grossular is agemstone.\n\nIn geological literature, grossular has often been calledgrossularite. Since 1971, however, use of the term grossularite for the mineral has been discouraged by theInternational Mineralogical Association.\n\nHessonite or \"cinnamon stone\" is a common variety of grossular with the generalformula: Ca3Al2Si3O12. The name comes from theAncient Greek:ἣσσων(hēssōn), meaninginferior;an allusion to its lower hardness and lower density than most other garnet species varieties.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GrossularShades.jpg/960px-GrossularShades.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Grossular-195706.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Grossular-ww51a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hessonite_striated_crytals.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossular",
    "day_of_year": 187
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 208,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Andradite",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Garnet group",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5 to 7",
    "luster": "Adamantine to resinous, dull",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured",
    "color_description": "Yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored",
    "color_hex": "#686830",
    "description": "Andraditeis amineralspecies of thegarnet group. It is anesosilicate, with chemical formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12.\n\nIt was first described in 1868 for an occurrence inDrammen,Buskerud,Norway.Andradite was named after theBrazilianstatesman, naturalist, professor and poetJosé Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva(1763–1838).\n\nIt occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.",
    "history": "It occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.\n\nLike the other garnets, andradite crystallizes in the cubicspace group[[Ia3d]], with unit-cell parameter of 12.051 Å at 100 K.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg/960px-M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andradite-Mali.jpg/960px-Andradite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg/960px-Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andradite",
    "day_of_year": 188
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 209,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Uvarovite",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Cr 2 Si 3 O 12",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.77–3.81",
    "color_description": "Green, emerald-green, green-black",
    "color_hex": "#388838",
    "description": "Uvaroviteis achromium-bearinggarnetgroup species with theformula:Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3. It was discovered in 1832 byGermain Henri Hesswho named it after CountSergei Uvarov(1765–1855), aRussianstatesman and amateur mineral collector.It is classified in theugranditegroup alongside the other calcium-bearing garnetsandraditeandgrossular.\n\nUvarovite is the rarest of the common members of the garnet group,and is the only consistently green garnet species, with an emerald-green color. It occurs as well-formed fine-sized crystals.\n\nUvarovite most commonly occurs insolid solutionwithgrossularorandradite, and is generally found associated withserpentinite,chromite, metamorphic limestones, andskarnore-bodies.",
    "history": "Uvarovite most commonly occurs insolid solutionwithgrossularorandradite, and is generally found associated withserpentinite,chromite, metamorphic limestones, andskarnore-bodies.\n\nThe most significant source of uvarovite historically has been a now-closed copper mine atOutokumpu, Finland, from where most museum specimens have been collected.The uvarovite crystals found in the Outokumpu district are among a wide range of chromium-rich silicate phases found in association withvolcanogeniccopper-cobalt-zinc sulfide ore deposits which are known to have an unusually high chromium content.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Garnet.uvarovite.500pix.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shuiskite%2C_uvarovite_1100.FS2015_1.jpg/960px-Shuiskite%2C_uvarovite_1100.FS2015_1.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Uwarowit_%28granat%29_-_Saranowskiy_Mine%2C_Ural%2C_Rosja.jpg/960px-Uwarowit_%28granat%29_-_Saranowskiy_Mine%2C_Ural%2C_Rosja.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvarovite",
    "day_of_year": 189
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 210,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tsavorite",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12",
    "category": "Nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5 [ 1 ]",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "3.60–3.68 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Light to deep green",
    "color_hex": "#38a848",
    "description": "Tsavoriteortsavoliteis a variety of thegarnetgroup speciesgrossular, acalcium-aluminiumgarnet with the formulaCa3Al2Si3O12.Trace amounts ofvanadiumorchromiumprovide the green color.\n\nIn 1967, British gem prospector and geologistCampbell R. Bridgesdiscovered a deposit of green grossular in the mountains ofSimanjiro DistrictofManyara Regionof  north-eastTanzaniain a place called Lemshuko, 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Komolo, the first village. The specimens he found were of very intense color and of high transparency. The find interested the gem trade, and attempts were made to export the stones, but the Tanzanian government did not provide permits.\n\nBelieving that the deposit was a part of a larger geological structure extending possibly intoKenya, Bridges began prospecting in that nation. He was successful a second time in 1971, when he found the mineral variety there, and was granted a permit to mine the deposit. The gemstone was known only to mineral specialists until 1974, whenTiffany and Colaunched a marketing campaign which brought broader recognition of the stone.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Graphite-Grossular-Strontiumapatite-d06-195a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavorite",
    "day_of_year": 190
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 211,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Demantoid",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Fe 2 Si 3 O 12",
    "category": "Minerals",
    "crystal_system": "cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5–7.0",
    "luster": "adamantine",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "3.84",
    "color_description": "light to deep green",
    "color_hex": "#58a838",
    "description": "Demantoidis the greengemstonevariety of the mineralandradite, a member of thegarnetgroup ofminerals. Andradite is acalcium- andiron-rich garnet. The chemical formula is Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3withchromiumsubstitution as the cause of the demantoid green color.Ferric ironis the cause of the yellow in the stone.\n\nIn approximately 2003, reports began to circulate in the trade that some Russian demantoid garnets were being routinely subjected to heat treatment in order to enhance their color. Such treatment is believed to be performed at relatively low temperatures and is thought not to be detectable bygemologicaltesting.\n\nAlthough garnets have been known since ancient times, the demantoid variety was not discovered until 1851 inRussia's western centralUral Mountains.The find was an alluvial deposit about 110 km (70 mi) fromEkaterinburg, north by northwest along the Bobrovka River, near the village of Elizavetinskoye.  Miners were immediately stunned by the highly refractive nature of the gem material, which is atypical for garnet.  They began comparing it to diamond and referred to it as \"demantoid\", from the old GermanDemant, meaning diamond.  The reason is obvious, with its high brilliance and dispersion.",
    "history": "Although garnets have been known since ancient times, the demantoid variety was not discovered until 1851 inRussia's western centralUral Mountains.The find was an alluvial deposit about 110 km (70 mi) fromEkaterinburg, north by northwest along the Bobrovka River, near the village of Elizavetinskoye.  Miners were immediately stunned by the highly refractive nature of the gem material, which is atypical for garnet.  They began comparing it to diamond and referred to it as \"demantoid\", from the old GermanDemant, meaning diamond.  The reason is obvious, with its high brilliance and dispersion.\n\nA second find was made 75 km (47 mi) to the south of Ekaterinburg, on the Chusovaya and Chrisolitka Rivers southwest of the village of Poldnevaya.  Deposits are also found underground up to 3 m (10 ft) deep in the demantoid placier.  In all, there are five deposits of demantoid in this area.  Possessing an unusual green color and a dispersion greater than that ofdiamond, it quickly became a treasured and expensive gemstone.  From the time of the demantoids find until about 1919, they were popular in Russia as the famousPeter Carl Fabergémade jewelry with them.  In austere Communist Russia, these gems went out of style.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Andradite-Stilbite-Ca-dem05a.jpg/960px-Andradite-Stilbite-Ca-dem05a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Granat_demantoid_-_Antetezambato%2C_Ambanja_District%2C_Diana_%28Northern%29_Region%2C_Antsiranana_Province%2C_Madagaskar.jpg/960px-Granat_demantoid_-_Antetezambato%2C_Ambanja_District%2C_Diana_%28Northern%29_Region%2C_Antsiranana_Province%2C_Madagaskar.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demantoid",
    "day_of_year": 191
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 212,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Melanite",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Garnet group",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5 to 7",
    "luster": "Adamantine to resinous, dull",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured",
    "color_description": "Yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored",
    "color_hex": "#303030",
    "description": "Andraditeis amineralspecies of thegarnet group. It is anesosilicate, with chemical formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12.\n\nIt was first described in 1868 for an occurrence inDrammen,Buskerud,Norway.Andradite was named after theBrazilianstatesman, naturalist, professor and poetJosé Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva(1763–1838).\n\nIt occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.",
    "history": "It occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.\n\nLike the other garnets, andradite crystallizes in the cubicspace group[[Ia3d]], with unit-cell parameter of 12.051 Å at 100 K.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg/960px-M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andradite-Mali.jpg/960px-Andradite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg/960px-Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanite",
    "day_of_year": 192
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 213,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Topazolite",
    "formula": "Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Garnet group",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6.5 to 7",
    "luster": "Adamantine to resinous, dull",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured",
    "color_description": "Yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored",
    "color_hex": "#d8c838",
    "description": "Andraditeis amineralspecies of thegarnet group. It is anesosilicate, with chemical formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12.\n\nIt was first described in 1868 for an occurrence inDrammen,Buskerud,Norway.Andradite was named after theBrazilianstatesman, naturalist, professor and poetJosé Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva(1763–1838).\n\nIt occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.",
    "history": "It occurs inskarnsdeveloped incontact metamorphosedimpurelimestonesor calcicigneous rocks; in chloriteschistsandserpentinitesand in alkalicigneous rocks(typicallytitaniferous). Associated minerals includevesuvianite,chlorite,epidote,spinel,calcite,dolomiteandmagnetite.It is found inIran,Italy, theUral MountainsofRussia,ArizonaandCaliforniaand inDnipropetrovsk OblastinUkraine.\n\nLike the other garnets, andradite crystallizes in the cubicspace group[[Ia3d]], with unit-cell parameter of 12.051 Å at 100 K.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg/960px-M%C3%A9lanite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andradite-Mali.jpg/960px-Andradite-Mali.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg/960px-Andradite_garnet_-_Jiangxi%2C_Nantan%2C_China.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topazolite",
    "day_of_year": 193
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 214,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Schorl",
    "formula": "(Ca,K,Na, ▢ )(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn) 3 (Al,Cr,Fe,V) 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si,Al,B) 6 O 18 (OH,F) 4 [ 1 ] [ 2 ]",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, sometimes resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.06+0.20–0.06 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. It can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. Rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.",
    "color_hex": "#2c2c2c",
    "description": "Tourmaline(/ˈtʊərməlɪn,-ˌliːn/ⓘTOOR-mə-lin, -⁠leen) is acrystallinesilicatemineral groupin whichboroniscompoundedwithelementssuch asaluminium,iron,magnesium,sodium,lithium, orpotassium. Thisgemstonecomes in a wide variety of colors.\n\nThe name is derived from theSinhalesetōramalli(ටෝරමල්ලි), which refers to thecarneliangemstones.\n\nBrightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.",
    "history": "Brightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.\n\nTourmalines were used by chemists in the 19th century topolarizelight by shining rays onto a cut and polished surface of the gem.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tourmaline_oblique_single.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tourmaline_001_single.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Tourmaline_100_3.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schorl",
    "day_of_year": 194
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 215,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Elbaite",
    "formula": "Na(Li 1.5 Al 1.5 )Al 6 Si 6 O 18 (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 4",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.9–3.2",
    "color_description": "Green, red to pink, blue, orange, yellow, colorless, multicolored",
    "color_hex": "#48b888",
    "description": "Elbaite, asodium,lithium,aluminiumboro-silicate, with the chemical composition Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)4,is amineralspecies belonging to the six-member ring cyclosilicatetourmalinegroup.\n\nElbaite forms three series, withdravite, withfluor-liddicoatite, and withschorl. Due to these series, specimens with the idealendmemberformula are not found occurring naturally.\n\nAs agemstone, elbaite is a desirable member of the tourmaline group because of the variety and depth of its colours and quality of the crystals. Originally discovered on the island ofElba, Italy in 1913, it has since been found in many parts of the world.  In 1994, a major locality was discovered in Canada, atO'Grady Lakesin theYukon.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tourmaline_achro%C3%AFte_1%28Pakistan%29.jpg/960px-Tourmaline_achro%C3%AFte_1%28Pakistan%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Tourmaline-195614.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Tourmaline-Quartz-214670.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Turmalingruppe-Elbait-Verdelith_-_in_Quarz_aus_Brasilien.JPG/960px-Turmalingruppe-Elbait-Verdelith_-_in_Quarz_aus_Brasilien.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbaite",
    "day_of_year": 195
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 216,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Dravite",
    "formula": "(Ca,K,Na, ▢ )(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn) 3 (Al,Cr,Fe,V) 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si,Al,B) 6 O 18 (OH,F) 4 [ 1 ] [ 2 ]",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, sometimes resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.06+0.20–0.06 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. It can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. Rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.",
    "color_hex": "#8b6c3a",
    "description": "Tourmaline(/ˈtʊərməlɪn,-ˌliːn/ⓘTOOR-mə-lin, -⁠leen) is acrystallinesilicatemineral groupin whichboroniscompoundedwithelementssuch asaluminium,iron,magnesium,sodium,lithium, orpotassium. Thisgemstonecomes in a wide variety of colors.\n\nThe name is derived from theSinhalesetōramalli(ටෝරමල්ලි), which refers to thecarneliangemstones.\n\nBrightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.",
    "history": "Brightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.\n\nTourmalines were used by chemists in the 19th century topolarizelight by shining rays onto a cut and polished surface of the gem.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tourmaline_oblique_single.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tourmaline_001_single.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Tourmaline_100_3.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravite",
    "day_of_year": 196
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 217,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Indicolite",
    "formula": "Na(Li 1.5 Al 1.5 )Al 6 Si 6 O 18 (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 4",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.9–3.2",
    "color_description": "Green, red to pink, blue, orange, yellow, colorless, multicolored",
    "color_hex": "#287888",
    "description": "Elbaite, asodium,lithium,aluminiumboro-silicate, with the chemical composition Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)4,is amineralspecies belonging to the six-member ring cyclosilicatetourmalinegroup.\n\nElbaite forms three series, withdravite, withfluor-liddicoatite, and withschorl. Due to these series, specimens with the idealendmemberformula are not found occurring naturally.\n\nAs agemstone, elbaite is a desirable member of the tourmaline group because of the variety and depth of its colours and quality of the crystals. Originally discovered on the island ofElba, Italy in 1913, it has since been found in many parts of the world.  In 1994, a major locality was discovered in Canada, atO'Grady Lakesin theYukon.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tourmaline_achro%C3%AFte_1%28Pakistan%29.jpg/960px-Tourmaline_achro%C3%AFte_1%28Pakistan%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Tourmaline-195614.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Tourmaline-Quartz-214670.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Turmalingruppe-Elbait-Verdelith_-_in_Quarz_aus_Brasilien.JPG/960px-Turmalingruppe-Elbait-Verdelith_-_in_Quarz_aus_Brasilien.JPG"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicolite",
    "day_of_year": 197
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 218,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rubellite",
    "formula": "",
    "category": "Tourmaline [ 1 ]",
    "crystal_system": "",
    "mohs_hardness": "",
    "luster": "",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "Red, pink, pinkish, violet-red",
    "color_hex": "#c83868",
    "description": "Rubelliteis the red or pink variety oftourmalineand is a member of theelbaite. It is also the rarestgemin its family.It is occasionally mistaken forruby.These gems typically containinclusions.\n\nNotable countries where rubellite can be mined includeAfghanistan,Brazil,Madagascar,Myanmar,Nigeria,Russia, and theUnited States.\n\nRubellite is named after the Latin wordrubellus, meaning \"reddish\".The term rubellite was first used in 1794.",
    "history": "Rubellite crystals were known in Europe as early asRoman times, when specimens were imported from the East. However, these rubellite specimens were confused with other red gemstones, such as garnets and spinels.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Tourmaline-280362.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubellite",
    "day_of_year": 198
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 219,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Watermelon tourmaline",
    "formula": "(Ca,K,Na, ▢ )(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn) 3 (Al,Cr,Fe,V) 6 (BO 3 ) 3 (Si,Al,B) 6 O 18 (OH,F) 4 [ 1 ] [ 2 ]",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, sometimes resinous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "3.06+0.20–0.06 [ 1 ]",
    "color_description": "Most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. It can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. Rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.",
    "color_hex": "#78b858",
    "description": "Tourmaline(/ˈtʊərməlɪn,-ˌliːn/ⓘTOOR-mə-lin, -⁠leen) is acrystallinesilicatemineral groupin whichboroniscompoundedwithelementssuch asaluminium,iron,magnesium,sodium,lithium, orpotassium. Thisgemstonecomes in a wide variety of colors.\n\nThe name is derived from theSinhalesetōramalli(ටෝරමල්ලි), which refers to thecarneliangemstones.\n\nBrightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.",
    "history": "Brightly coloredCeylonesegem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by theDutch East India Company, to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the \"Ceylonese Magnet\" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to itspyroelectricproperties.\n\nTourmalines were used by chemists in the 19th century topolarizelight by shining rays onto a cut and polished surface of the gem.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tourmaline_oblique_single.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tourmaline_001_single.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Tourmaline_100_3.png"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_tourmaline",
    "day_of_year": 200
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 220,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Tephroite",
    "formula": "Mn 2 SiO 4",
    "category": "Silicate mineral",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "6",
    "luster": "Vitreous to greasy",
    "streak": "Pale gray",
    "specific_gravity": "3.87 – 4.12",
    "color_description": "Olive-green, bluish green, gray, °esh-red, reddish brown; pale green in thin section, may be colorless",
    "color_hex": "#7a6a50",
    "description": "Tephroiteis themanganeseendmemberof theolivinegroup ofnesosilicateminerals with the formulaMn2SiO4.  A solid solution series exists between tephroite and its analogues, the  group endmembersfayaliteandforsterite.Divalentiron or magnesium may readily replace manganese in the olivine crystal structure.\n\nIt was first described for an occurrence at theSterling Hill MineandFranklin, New Jersey, United States.It occurs in iron-manganeseore depositsand their relatedskarns. It also occurs inmetamorphosedmanganese-rich sediments. It occurs in association with:zincite,willemite,franklinite,rhodonite,jacobsite,diopside,gageite,bustamite,manganocalcite,glaucochroite,calcite,banalsiteandalleghanyite.It can also be found in England and Sweden.\n\nTephroite has a hardness of 6 and aspecific gravityof approximately 4.1, which is heavy for non-metallic minerals. Its name comes from theGreektephros, \"ash gray\", for its color.It can also be found olive-green, greenish-blue, pink, or brown. Other names for tephroite include mangan olivine and mangan peridot.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tephroite_Manganese_silicate_Kaao_Mine_Tochigi-ken_Honshu_Japan_1816.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite",
    "day_of_year": 201
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 221,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Rhodolite",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3",
    "category": "Pyrope variety, nesosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Cubic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7.0–7.5",
    "luster": "greasy to vitreous",
    "streak": "",
    "specific_gravity": "3.84 ± 0.10",
    "color_description": "light to dark purplish red through reddish purple",
    "color_hex": "#c84878",
    "description": "Rhodoliteis a varietal name for rose-pink to red  mineralpyrope, a species in thegarnetgroup. It was first described fromCowee Valley,Macon County,North Carolina.The name is derived from the Greek \"rhodon\" for \"rose-like\", in common with other pink mineral types (such asrhodochrosite,rhodonite). This coloration, and the commonlyinclusion-free nature of garnet from this locality, has led to rhodolite being used as agemstone. Rhodolite like other varietal names is not officially recognized as a mineralogical term, but rather used as an accepted trade name.\n\nMineralogically and chemically, rhodolite garnets are members of the pyrope–almandinesolid-solutionseries, with an approximate bulk garnet composition of Py70Al30.\n\nRhodolites from different occurrences around the world have been characterized by crystal chemical and absorption spectral analysis showing that besides iron such elements as manganese, chromium and vanadium may effect the colour of rhodolites.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Rhodolite_in_Matrix-Garnet_Group_Magnesium_iron_aluminum_silicate_Macon_County_North_Carolina_2904.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodolite",
    "day_of_year": 202
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 222,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Iolite",
    "formula": "(Mg,Fe) 2 Al 4 Si 5 O 18",
    "category": "Cyclosilicate",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "7–7.5",
    "luster": "Greasy or vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.57–2.66",
    "color_description": "Blue, smoky blue, bluish violet; greenish, yellowish brown, gray; colorless to very pale blue in thin section in transmitted light",
    "color_hex": "#5858a8",
    "description": "Cordierite(mineralogy) oriolite(gemology) is amagnesiumironaluminiumcyclosilicate.Ironis almost always present, and asolid solutionexists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-richsekaninaitewith a series formula:(Mg,Fe)2Al3(Si5AlO18)to(Fe,Mg)2Al3(Si5AlO18).A high-temperaturepolymorphexists,indialite, which isisostructuralwithberyland has a random distribution of Al in the(Si,Al)6O18rings.Cordierite is also synthesized and used in high temperature applications such as catalytic converters and pizza stones.\n\nCordierite, which was discovered in 1813, in specimens fromNíjar, Almería,Spain, is named after the FrenchgeologistLouis Cordier(1777–1861).\n\nCordierite typically occurs in contact or regionalmetamorphismofpeliticrocks. It is especially common inhornfelsproduced by contact metamorphism ofpeliticrocks. Two common metamorphic mineral assemblages includesillimanite-cordierite-spineland cordierite-spinel-plagioclase-orthopyroxene. Other associated minerals includegarnet(cordierite-garnet-sillimanitegneisses) andanthophyllite.Cordierite also occurs in somegranites,pegmatites, andnoritesin gabbroic magmas. Alteration products includemica,chlorite, andtalc. Cordierite occurs, for example, in the granite contact zone atGeevor Tin MineinCornwall.",
    "history": "Cordierite, which was discovered in 1813, in specimens fromNíjar, Almería,Spain, is named after the FrenchgeologistLouis Cordier(1777–1861).",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cordierite.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Iolite.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cordierite_pl%C3%A9ochro%C3%AFsme.jpg/960px-Cordierite_pl%C3%A9ochro%C3%AFsme.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cordierite-den07-06aa.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolite",
    "day_of_year": 203
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 223,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Scolecite",
    "formula": "CaAl 2 Si 3 O 10 ·3H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5 to 5 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky when fibrous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.16 to 2.40",
    "color_description": "Colorless white, pink, salmon, red or green",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0e0",
    "description": "Scoleciteis atectosilicatemineralbelonging to thezeolitegroup; it is a hydratedcalciumsilicate, CaAl2Si3O10·3H2O. Only minor amounts ofsodiumand traces ofpotassiumsubstitute for calcium.  There is an absence ofbarium,strontium,ironandmagnesium.Scolecite is isostructural (having the same structure) with the sodium-calcium zeolitemesoliteand thesodiumzeolitenatrolite, but it does not form a continuous chemical series with either of them.It was described in 1813, and named from theGreekword, σκώληξ (sko-lecks) = \"worm\" because of its reaction to theblowpipeflame.\n\nIt ismonoclinicm withspace groupCc, but crystals arepseudotetragonal.  Scolecite, likenatroliteandmesolite, usually occurs asacicular(needle-like) and fibrous aggregations. It has nearly the same angles between the crystal faces as does natrolite, but natrolite isorthorhombicand scolecite ismonoclinic.  The etched figures (figures that arise from the action of a solvent on a crystal face, and indicate its true symmetry) and thepyroelectriccharacter of scolecite show that itcrystallizeswith aplaneof symmetry, but noaxisof symmetry, that is to say it belongs to thehemihedralclass of the monoclinic system.  Scolecite can therefore be distinguished from natrolite by an optical examination, since the acicular crystals do not extinguish parallel to their length between crossednicol prisms.Twinningon the ortho-pinacoid is usually evident.\n\nThe structure of thealuminosilicateframework is the same for scolecite, natrolite and mesolite.  Scolecite has long ordered chains, rotated 24° round the axis of the chain.  One Cacationand three H2O molecules are in fourionsites in the channels parallel to the ccrystal axis.  There is no sign of aluminium ions occupying silicon ion sites.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Scolecite%2C_Apophyllite%2C_Stilbite-450733.jpg/960px-Scolecite%2C_Apophyllite%2C_Stilbite-450733.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Powellite-Apophyllite-%28KF%29-Scolecite-195605.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolecite",
    "day_of_year": 204
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 224,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Natrolite",
    "formula": "Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 ·2H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–6",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky, pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.25",
    "color_description": "White, colorless, sometimes pink",
    "color_hex": "#e0e0d0",
    "description": "Natroliteis atectosilicatemineralspecies belonging to thezeolitegroup. It is a hydratedsodiumandaluminiumsilicatewith the formulaNa2Al2Si3O10·2H2O.Thetype localityisHohentwiel,Hegau,Germany.\n\nIt was named natrolite byMartin Heinrich Klaprothin 1803.The name is derived fromnatron(νατρών), the Greek word forsoda, in reference to the sodium content, andlithos(λίθος), meaning stone.  Needle stone or needle-zeolite are other informal names, alluding to the commonacicularhabit of thecrystals, which are often very slender and are aggregated in divergent tufts.The crystals are frequentlyepitaxialovergrowths of natrolite,mesolite, andgonnarditein various orders.\n\nLarger crystals most commonly have the form of a square prism terminated by a low pyramid, the prism angle being nearly a right angle. The crystals are tetragonal in appearance, though actually orthorhombic. There are perfect cleavages parallel to the faces of the prism. The mineral also often occurs in compact fibrous aggregates, the fibers having a divergent or radial arrangement. Natrolite is readily distinguished from other fibrous zeolites by its optical characteristics.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Phonolith.JPG/960px-Phonolith.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Natrolith_Aussig.JPG/960px-Natrolith_Aussig.JPG",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zeolite-greenland_hg.jpg/960px-Zeolite-greenland_hg.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Natrolite-61051.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrolite",
    "day_of_year": 205
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 225,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Stilbite",
    "formula": "Stilbite-Ca: NaCa 4 (Si 27 Al 9 )O 72 ·28(H 2 O) Stilbite-Na: Na 9 (Si 27 Al 9 )O 72 ·28(H 2 O)",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic , also triclinic and orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "3 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 4",
    "luster": "Vitreous, pearly on {010}",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.12 to 2.22",
    "color_description": "Usually colorless, white or pink",
    "color_hex": "#e8b898",
    "description": "Stilbiteis the name of a series oftectosilicateminerals of thezeolitegroup. Prior to 1997, stilbite was recognized as amineralspecies, but a reclassification in 1997 by theInternational Mineralogical Associationchanged it to a series name, with the mineral species being named:\n\nStilbite-Ca, by far the more common of the two, is a hydrous calcium sodium and aluminium silicate,NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72·28(H2O). In the case of stilbite-Na, sodium dominates over calcium.  The species are visually indistinguishable, and the series name stilbite is still used whenever testing has not been performed.\n\nAt one timeheulanditeand stilbite were considered to be identical minerals. After they were found to be two separate species, in 1818, the name desmine (\"a bundle\") was proposed for stilbite, and this name is still employed inGermany.  The English name \"stilbite\" is from the Greek stilbein = to shine, because of the pearly luster of the {010} faces.",
    "history": "At one timeheulanditeand stilbite were considered to be identical minerals. After they were found to be two separate species, in 1818, the name desmine (\"a bundle\") was proposed for stilbite, and this name is still employed inGermany.  The English name \"stilbite\" is from the Greek stilbein = to shine, because of the pearly luster of the {010} faces.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Stilbite-Ca-Celadonite-178645.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Fluorapophyllite-Stilbite-Ca-indi-71a.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Stilbite-20450.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Stilbite_Orange_Fans.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbite",
    "day_of_year": 206
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 226,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Heulandite",
    "formula": "(Na,Ca,K) 5−6 [Al 8−9 Si 27−28 O 72 ]·nH 2 O [ 1 ]",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic More than one space group",
    "mohs_hardness": "3.5–4",
    "luster": "pearly, vitreous",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "",
    "color_description": "colourless, yellow, green, white, pale pink",
    "color_hex": "#e0c090",
    "description": "Heulanditeis the name of a series oftectosilicatemineralsof thezeolitegroup.  Prior to 1997, heulandite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by theInternational Mineralogical Associationchanged it to a series name, with the mineral species being named:\n\nHeulandite-Ca, the most common of these, is a hydrous calcium andaluminiumsilicatewith the formula(Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O.Small amounts ofsodiumandpotassiumare usually present replacing part of the calcium.Strontiumreplaces calcium in the heulandite-Sr variety.  The appropriate species name depends on the dominant element.  The species are visually indistinguishable, and the series name heulandite is still used whenever testing has not been performed.\n\nCrystals aremonoclinic. They may have a characteristic coffin-shaped habit, but may also form simple rhombic prisms.  Frequently, a crust of fine crystals will form with only the ends of the rhombs visible, making the crystals look like wedges. They have a perfect cleavage parallel to the plane of symmetry, on which the lustre is markedly pearly; on other faces the lustre is of the vitreous type. The mineral is usually colourless or white, but may be orange, brown, yellow, brick-red, or green due toinclusionsofceladonite. It varies from transparent to translucent.Isomorphouswith heulandite is thestrontiumandbariumzeolitebrewsterite.",
    "history": "Heulandite was first separated from stilbite byAugust Breithauptin 1818, and named by him \"euzeolite\" (meaning beautiful zeolite); independently, in 1822,H. J. Brookearrived at the same result, giving the name heulandite, after the mineral collector,John Henry Heuland(1778–1856).\n\nHeulandite occurs with stilbite and other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities ofbasalticvolcanic rocks, and occasionally ingneissandhydrothermal veins.It forms at temperatures below about 100 °C (212 °F), and so its presence insedimentary rocksindicates that these have experienced shallowdiagenesis.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Heulandite-160733.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Heulandite-290459.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heulandite",
    "day_of_year": 207
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 227,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Apophyllite",
    "formula": "(K,Na)Ca 4 Si 8 O 20 (F,OH)·8H 2 O",
    "category": "Phyllosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Tetragonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "4.5–5",
    "luster": "Vitreous; pearly",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.3–2.4",
    "color_description": "Usually white, colorless; also blue, green, brown, yellow, pink, violet",
    "color_hex": "#c8e8d0",
    "description": "The nameapophylliterefers to a specific group ofphyllosilicates, a class of minerals. Originally, the group name referred to a specific mineral,but was redefined in 1978 to stand for a class of minerals of similar chemical makeup that comprise asolid solutionseries, and includes the members fluorapophyllite-(K), fluorapophyllite-(Na), hydroxyapophyllite-(K). The name apophyllite is derived from theGreekapophyllízo(ἀποφυλλίζω), meaning 'it flakes off', a reference to this class's tendency to flake apart when heated, due to water loss.Exfoliationof apophyllite is also possible by treating it with acids or simply by rubbing it. These minerals are typically found as secondary minerals invesiclesinbasaltor other volcanic rocks.  A recent change (2008) in the nomenclature system used for this group was approved by theInternational Mineralogical Association, removing the prefixes from the species names and using suffixes to designate the species.A subsequent nomenclature change approved by the International Mineralogical Association in 2013 renamed the minerals to include both suffixes and prefixes, as shown above.\n\nThough relatively unfamiliar to the general public, apophyllites are fairly prevalent around the world, with specimens coming from some of the world's most well-known mineral localities. These localities include:Jalgaon,India; theHarz MountainsofGermany,Mont Saint-HilaireinCanada, andKongsberg,Norway, with other locations inScotland,Ireland,Brazil,Japan, and throughout theUnited States.\n\nApophyllite has an unusual structure for a phyllosilicate. Whereas most phyllosilicates have a T layer (silica backbone) consisting of interlocked 6-fold rings of silica tetrahedra, with pseudohexagonal symmetry, the T layer in apophyllite consists of interlocked 4-fold and 8-fold rings of silica tetrahedra with true tetragonal symmetry.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Apophyllite_T.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apophyllite_100.png/960px-Apophyllite_100.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apophyllite_unit_cell.png/960px-Apophyllite_unit_cell.png",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%28India%29_Fluorapophyllite-%28K%29_and_stilbite.jpg/960px-%28India%29_Fluorapophyllite-%28K%29_and_stilbite.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophyllite",
    "day_of_year": 208
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 228,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Analcime",
    "formula": "NaAlSi 2 O 6 · H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5–5.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.24–2.29",
    "color_description": "White, colorless, gray, pink, greenish, yellowish",
    "color_hex": "#e0e0d0",
    "description": "Analcime(/əˈnælsiːm,-saɪm/; fromAncient Greekἀνάλκιμος(análkimos)'not strong') oranalciteis a white, gray, or colorlesstectosilicatemineral. Analcime consists of hydratedsodium aluminium silicatein cubiccrystallineform. Itschemical formulais NaAlSi2O6·H2O. Minor amounts ofpotassiumandcalciumsubstitute for sodium. Asilver-bearing synthetic variety also exists (Ag-analcite).\n\nAnalcime is usually classified as azeolitemineral, but structurally and chemically it is more similar to thefeldspathoids.Analcime is not classified as an isometric crystal, as although the crystal structure appears to be isometric, it is usually off only by a fraction of an angle. However, there are truly isometric samples of the mineral, which makes its classification even more difficult.Due to the differences between the samples being too slight, there's no merit from having multiple species names, so as a result analcime is a common example for minerals occurring in multiple crystal systems and space groups.\n\nIt was first described by French geologistDéodat de Dolomieu, who called it zéolithe dure, meaning hard zeolite. It was found in lava inCyclops, Italy. The mineral isIMAapproved, and had been grandfathered, meaning the name analcime is believed to refer to a valid species til this day.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Analcime_-_Kahwan_Mountain%2C_Semnan%2C_Iran.jpg/960px-Analcime_-_Kahwan_Mountain%2C_Semnan%2C_Iran.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analcime",
    "day_of_year": 209
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 229,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Chabazite",
    "formula": "M[Al 2 Si 4 O 12 ]·6H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Trigonal",
    "mohs_hardness": "4-5",
    "luster": "vitreous",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.05 - 2.2",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, yellow, pink, red",
    "color_hex": "#e0c898",
    "description": "Chabazite(UK:/ˈkæbəzaɪt/)is atectosilicatemineralseries in thezeolitegroup,closely related togmelinite, with the chemical formulaM[Al2Si4O12]·6H2O, whereMis one or more metalcations.Recognized minerals in the series include Chabazite-Ca, Chabazite-K, Chabazite-Na, and Chabazite-Sr, depending on the prominence of the indicated cation.\n\nChabazite crystallizes in thetricliniccrystal system with typically rhombohedral shaped crystalsthat are pseudo-cubic. The crystals are typicallytwinned, and both contact twinning and penetration twinning may be observed.  They may be colorless, white, orange, brown, pink, green, or yellow. The hardness ranges from 3 to 5 and the specific gravity from 2.0 to 2.2.  The luster is vitreous.\n\nIt was named chabasie in 1792 byBosc d'Anticand later changed to the current spelling.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Chabazite-Ca-Heulandite-Ca-225190.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabazite",
    "day_of_year": 210
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 230,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Phillipsite",
    "formula": "(Ca,Na 2 ,K 2 ) 3 Al 6 Si 10 O 32 ·12H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Monoclinic",
    "mohs_hardness": "4 – 4.5",
    "luster": "Vitreous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.2",
    "color_description": "White",
    "color_hex": "#d0c8b0",
    "description": "Phillipsiteis a mineral series of thezeolitegroup; a hydratedpotassium,calciumandaluminiumsilicate, approximating to(Ca,Na2,K2)3Al6Si10O32·12H2O. The members of the series are phillipsite-K, phillipsite-Na and phillipsite-Ca.The crystals aremonoclinic, but only complex cruciformtwinsare known, these being exactly like twins ofharmotomewhich also forms a series with phillipsite-Ca.Crystals of phillipsite are, however, usually smaller and more transparent and glassy than those of harmotome. Spherical groups with a radially fibrous structure and bristled with crystals on the surface are not uncommon. TheMohs hardnessis 4.5, and thespecific gravityis 2.2. The species was established byArmand Lévyin 1825 and named afterWilliam Phillips. French authors use the name Christianite (afterChristian VIIIofDenmark), given by A. Des Cloizeaux in 1847.\n\nPhillipsite is a mineral of secondary origin, and occurs with other zeolites in theamygdaloidalcavities ofmaficvolcanic rocks: for example in thebasaltof theGiants Causewayin County Antrim, and nearMelbourneinVictoria; and in Lencitite nearRome. Small crystals of recent formation have been observed in the masonry of the hot baths at Plombires and Bourbonne-les-Bains, inFrance. Minute spherical aggregates embedded inpelagic red claywere dredged by theChallengerfrom deep sea sedimentary deposits in thePacific Ocean.\n\nIt has been discovered that the volcanic ash that Romans employed in the mix for construction of harbor piers and sea walls contained phillipsite, and that an interaction with sea water actually causes crystalline aluminoustobermoritestructures in the mortar to expand and strengthen, making the material substantially more durable than modern concrete.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Phillipsite-180014.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg/960px-Amethyst_sceptre2.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipsite",
    "day_of_year": 211
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 231,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Thomsonite",
    "formula": "NaCa 2 Al 5 Si 5 O 20 ·6H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5– 5 + 1 ⁄ 2",
    "luster": "vitreous, pearly",
    "streak": "white",
    "specific_gravity": "2.23–2.29",
    "color_description": "colorless, white, beige, and pink",
    "color_hex": "#d8d0c0",
    "description": "Thomsoniteis the name of a series oftectosilicatemineralsof thezeolitegroup. Prior to 1997, thomsonite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by theInternational Mineralogical Associationchanged it to a series name, with the mineral species being named thomsonite-Ca and thomsonite-Sr.  Thomsonite-Ca, by far the more common of the two, is a hydroussodium,calciumandaluminiumsilicate, NaCa2Al5Si5O20·6H2O.Strontiumcan substitute for the calcium and the appropriate species name depends on the dominant element. The species are visually indistinguishable and the series name thomsonite is used whenever testing has not been performed.  Globally, thomsonite is one of the rarer zeolites.\n\nThomsonite was first identified in material fromScotlandin 1820.  It is named for the Scottish chemistThomas Thomson.  The crystal system of thomsonite isorthorhombic.  TheMohshardness is 5 to 5.5.  It is transparent to translucent and has a density of 2.3 to 2.4.  It may be colorless, white, beige, or somewhat green, yellow, or red.  The crystals tend to be long thin blades that typically form radialaggregates, and sometimes fans and tufts.  The aggregates are variable and  may be spikey in appearance, dense and ball-like, or form worm-like growths.  Tight acicular radiating clusters and sphericules are common forms.\n\nThomsonite occurs with other zeolites in theamygdaloidalcavities ofbasalticvolcanic rocks, and occasionally in graniticpegmatites.  Examples have been found inFaroe Islands(var. Faroelite),Scotland,Arkansas,Colorado,Michigan,Minnesota,New Jersey,Oregon,Ontario,Nova Scotia,India, andRussia.",
    "history": "",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Thomsonite-61017.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomsonite",
    "day_of_year": 212
  }
},
{
  "model": "dailystone.mineral",
  "pk": 232,
  "fields": {
    "name": "Mesolite",
    "formula": "Na 2 Ca 2 Si 9 Al 6 O 30 ·8H 2 O",
    "category": "Tectosilicate minerals",
    "crystal_system": "Orthorhombic",
    "mohs_hardness": "5",
    "luster": "Vitreous, silky when fibrous",
    "streak": "White",
    "specific_gravity": "2.26",
    "color_description": "Colorless, white, gray, yellowish brown",
    "color_hex": "#e8e0d8",
    "description": "Mesoliteis atectosilicatemineral with formulaNa2Ca2Si9Al6O30·8H2O. It is a member of thezeolitegroup and thenatrolitesubgroup,also resembling natrolite in appearance.\n\nMesolite crystallizes in theorthorhombicsystem and typically forms fibrous, acicular prismatic crystals or masses.Radiating sprays of needlelike crystals are not uncommon. It is vitreous inlusterand clear to white in color. It has aMohs hardnessof 5 to 5.5 and a lowspecific gravityof 2.2 to 2.4. Therefractive indicesare nα=1.505 nβ=1.505 nγ=1.506.\n\nIt was first described in 1816 for an occurrence in theCyclopean IslandsnearCatania,Sicily.From the Greekmesos, \"middle\", as its composition lies betweennatroliteandscolecite.Like other zeolites, mesolite occurs as void fillings inamygdaloidalbasaltalso inandesitesandhydrothermalveins.",
    "history": "It was first described in 1816 for an occurrence in theCyclopean IslandsnearCatania,Sicily.From the Greekmesos, \"middle\", as its composition lies betweennatroliteandscolecite.Like other zeolites, mesolite occurs as void fillings inamygdaloidalbasaltalso inandesitesandhydrothermalveins.",
    "image_urls": [
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mesolite_%286911826414%29.jpg/960px-Mesolite_%286911826414%29.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Mesolite-Quartz-238750.jpg",
      "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mesolite_spikes.jpg/960px-Mesolite_spikes.jpg"
    ],
    "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolite",
    "day_of_year": 213
  }
}
]